@article {665, title = {The human dimensions of energy use in buildings: A review}, journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews}, volume = {81}, year = {2018}, pages = {731-742}, author = {S. D{\textquoteright}Oca and T. Hong and J. Langevin} } @article {633, title = {An agent-based model of building occupant behavior during load shedding}, journal = {Building Simulation}, year = {2017}, author = {H. Chandra Putra and C. J. Andrews and J. A. Senick} } @article {634, title = {An agent-based stochastic Occupancy Simulator}, journal = {Building Simulation}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-13}, author = {Y. Chen and T. Hong and X. Luo} } @article {652, title = {Cluster analysis for occupant-behavior based electricity load patterns in buildings: A case study in Shanghai residences}, journal = {Building Simulation}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-10}, author = {S. Pan and Xinru Wang and Yixuan Wei and Xingxing Zhang and Csilla Gal and Guangying Ren and Da Yan and Yong Shi and Jinshun Wu and Liang Xia and Jingchao Xie and Jiaping Liu} } @article {663, title = {Comparative research on different air conditioning systems for residential buildings}, journal = {Frontiers of Architectural Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, pages = {42-52}, author = {X. Zhou and D. Yan and X. Shi} } @article {647, title = {Determination of requirements on occupant behavior models for the use in building performance simulations}, journal = {Building Simulation}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-14}, author = {J. Lindner and S. Park and M. Mitterhofer} } @article {650, title = {The effect of warmth acclimation on behaviour, thermophysiology and perception}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-8}, author = {H. Pallubinsky and B. R. Kingma and L. Schellen and B. Dautzenberg and M. A. van Baak and W. D. van Marken Lichtenbelt} } @article {653, title = {Evaluating the performance of thermal sensation prediction with a biophysical model}, journal = {Indoor Air}, year = {2017}, author = {M. Schweiker and B. Kingma and A. Wagner} } @article {644, title = {Exploring internal body heat balance to understand thermal sensation}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-11}, author = {B. Kingma and M. Schweiker and A. Wagner and W. van Marken Lichtenbelt} } @article {654, title = {A framework for quantifying the impact of occupant behavior on energy savings of energy conservation measures}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {146}, year = {2017}, pages = {383-396}, author = {K. Sun and T. Hong} } @article {638, title = {Harnessing buildings{\textquoteright} operational diversity in a computational framework for high-resolution urban energy modeling}, journal = {Building Simulation}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-17}, author = {N. Ghiassi and F. Tahmasebi and A. Mahdavi} } @article {656, title = {Healthy excursions outside the thermal comfort zone}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-9}, author = {W. van Marken Lichtenbelt and M. Hanssen and H. Pallubinsky and B. Kingma and L. Schellen} } @article {646, title = {The impact of window opening and other occupant behavior on simulated energy performance in residence halls}, journal = {Building Simulation}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-14}, author = {J. G. C. Laurent and H. W. Samuelson and Y. Chen} } @article {645, title = {Improving rational thermal comfort prediction by using subpopulation characteristics: a case study at Hermitage Amsterdam}, journal = {Temperature}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-11}, author = {R. Kramer and L. Schellen and H. Schellen and B. Kingma} } @article {662, title = {Influence of load feature on the water distribution system in a centralized air-conditioning system," Science and Technology for the Built Environment}, journal = {Science and Technology for the Built Environment}, volume = {23}, year = {2017}, pages = {277-284}, author = {X. Zhou and D. Yan} } @conference {597, title = {The influence of multifamily apartment building occupants on energy and water consumption {\textendash} the preliminary results of monitoring and survey campaign}, booktitle = {International conference on advances in energy systems and environmental engineering (ASEE17)}, year = {2017}, month = {07/2017}, address = {Wroc{\l}aw, Poland}, author = {K. Bandurski and M. Hamerla and J. Szulc and H. Koczyk} } @article {637, title = {Investigation and modelling of the centralized solar domestic hot water system in residential buildings}, journal = {Building Simulation}, volume = {10}, year = {2017}, pages = {87-96}, author = {X. Feng and D. Yan and R. Yu and Y. Gao} } @article {664, title = {Lighting energy consumption in ultra-low energy buildings: Using a simulation and measurement methodology to model occupant behavior and lighting controls}, journal = {Building Simulation}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-12}, author = {P. Zhu and M. Gilbride and D. Yan and H. Sun and C. Meek} } @article {657, title = {Local thermal sensation modeling{\textemdash}a review on the necessity and availability of local clothing properties and local metabolic heat production}, journal = {Indoor air}, volume = {27}, year = {2017}, pages = {261-272}, author = {S. Vesel{\'a} and B. Kingma and A. Frijns} } @article {642, title = {Modelling hand skin temperature in relation to body composition}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Biology}, volume = {69}, year = {2017}, pages = {139-148}, author = {K. Kati{\'c} and R. Li and B. Kingma and W. Zeiler} } @article {631, title = {A novel stochastic modeling method to simulate cooling loads in residential districts}, journal = {Applied Energy}, volume = {206}, year = {2017}, pages = {134-149}, author = {J. An and D. Yan and T. Hong and K. Sun} } @article {639, title = {Occupant behavior models: A critical review of implementation and representation approaches in building performance simulation programs}, journal = {Building Simulation}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-14}, author = {T. Hong and Y. Chen and Z. Belafi and S. D{\textquoteright}Oca} } @article {660, title = {Occupant behaviour modelling in domestic buildings: the case of household electrical appliances}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-19}, author = {S. Yilmaz and S. K. Firth and D. Allinson} } @article {649, title = {On occupant-centric building performance metrics}, journal = {Building and Environment}, year = {2017}, author = {W. T. O{\textquoteright}Brien and I. Gaetani and S. Carlucci and P.-J. Hoes and J. Hensen} } @article {648, title = {Performance evaluation of an agent-based occupancy simulation model}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {115}, year = {2017}, pages = {42-53}, author = {X. Luo and K. P. Lam and Y. Chen and T. Hong} } @article {630, title = {Predictability of occupant presence and performance gap in building energy simulation}, journal = {Applied Energy}, year = {2017}, author = {K.-U. Ahn and D.-W. Kim and C.-S. Park and P. de Wilde} } @article {658, title = {A preliminary investigation of water usage behavior in single-family homes}, journal = {Building Simulation}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-14}, author = {P. Xue and T. Hong and B. Dong and C. Mak} } @article {635, title = {Simulation and visualization of energy-related occupant behavior in office buildings}, journal = {Building Simulation}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-14}, author = {Y. Chen and X. Liang and T. Hong and X. Luo} } @article {655, title = {A simulation approach to estimate energy savings potential of occupant behavior measures}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {136}, year = {2017}, pages = {43-62}, author = {K. Sun and T. Hong} } @article {632, title = {Smart building management vs. intuitive human control{\textemdash}Lessons learnt from an office building in Hungary}, journal = {Building Simulation}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-18}, author = {Z. Belafi and T. Hong and A. Reith} } @article {661, title = {Spatial distribution of internal heat gains: A probabilistic representation and evaluation of its influence on cooling equipment sizing in large office buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {139}, year = {2017}, pages = {407-416}, author = {Q. Zhang and D. Yan and J. An and T. Hong and W. Tian and K. Sun} } @article {641, title = {A survey on energy consumption and energy usage behavior of households and residential building in urban China}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {148}, year = {2017}, pages = {366-378}, author = {S. Hu and D. Yan and S. Guo and Y. Cui and B. Dong} } @article {636, title = {Synthesizing building physics with social psychology: An interdisciplinary framework for context and occupant behavior in office buildings}, journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science}, volume = {34}, year = {2017}, pages = {240-2}, author = {S. D{\textquoteright}Oca and C.-F. Chen and T. Hong and Z. Belafi} } @article {640, title = {Ten questions concerning occupant behavior in buildings: the big picture," Building and Environment}, volume = {114}, year = {2017}, pages = {518-530}, author = {T. Hong and D. Yan and S. D{\textquoteright}Oca and C.-F. Chen} } @article {651, title = {Thermophysiological adaptations to passive mild heat acclimation}, journal = {Temperature}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-11}, author = {H. Pallubinsky and L. Schellen and B. Kingma and B. Dautzenberg and M. van Baak and W. van Marken Lichtenbelt} } @article {659, title = {A thorough assessment of China{\textquoteright}s standard for energy consumption of buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {143}, year = {2017}, pages = {114-128}, author = {Yan, T. Hong and C. Li and Q. Zhang and J. An and S. Hu} } @article {643, title = {Understanding patterns of adaptive comfort behaviour in the Sydney mixed-mode residential context}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {141}, year = {2017}, pages = {274-283}, author = {J. Kim and R. de Dear and T. Parkinson and C. Candido} } @article {567, title = {Advances in Research and Applications of Energy-Related Occupant Behavior in Buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {116}, year = {2016}, pages = {694-702}, doi = {DOI:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.11.052 }, author = {T. Hong and S.C. Taylor-Lange and S. D{\textquoteright}Oca and D. Yan and S.P. Corgnati} } @article {623, title = {Airborne Particulate Matter in Two Multi-Family Green Buildings: Concentrations and Effect of Ventilation and Occupant Behavior}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {13}, year = {2016}, pages = {144}, author = {Allison P. Patton and Leonardo Calderon and Youyou Xiong and Zuocheng Wang and Jennifer Senick and MaryAnn Sorensen Allacci and Deborah Plotnik and Richard Wener and Clinton J. Andrews and Uta Krogmann and Gediminas Mainelis} } @article {606, title = {The Changing Socioeconomic Context of Buildings}, journal = {Journal of Solar Energy Engineering}, volume = {139}, year = {2016}, author = {C. J. Andrews} } @article {590, title = {Comfort-related feedforward information: occupants{\textquoteright} choice of cooling strategy and perceived comfort}, journal = {Building Research and Information}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-17}, abstract = {

Approaches to provide feedforward information to building occupants about the impact of potential actions on individual thermal comfort levels are scarce. Even less is known about the effect of such information on the decision process of occupants to interact with their built environment and their level of comfort after such decisions. In a naturalistic study, participants (N = 76) were given a choice of four actions to counteract thermal discomfort induced by constantly rising room temperatures: removing a piece of clothing, opening the window, switching on the ceiling fan or switching on the air-conditioning. After receiving information about the potential change in comfort and energy consumption of these options, they had to confirm or revise their choice. The vast majority of participants initially chose to open the windows (N = 28) or remove a piece of clothing (N = 37); only a few chose the ceiling fan (N = 2) or the air-conditioning (N = 9). About one-third (N = 23) revised their choice of action; most of them (N = 15) indicated an influence from the provided information. In conclusion, feedforward information can be a useful tool to combat overheating problems by increasing energy-aware behaviour and thermal acceptance.

}, author = {Meinke, Anita and Hawighorst, Maren and Wagner, Andreas and Trojan, J and Schweiker, Marcel} } @article {628, title = {Comparative study of the cooling energy performance of variable refrigerant flow systems and variable air volume systems in office buildings}, journal = {Applied Energy}, volume = {183}, year = {2016}, pages = {725-736}, author = {X. Yu and D. Yan and K. Sun and T. Hong and D. Zhu} } @article {550, title = {Correlation between occupants and energy consumption}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {116}, year = {2016}, month = {03/2016}, pages = {420{\textendash}433}, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.01.010}, author = {K.U. Ahn and C.S. Park} } @article {615, title = {Distinguishing between green building occupants{\textquoteright} reasoned and unplanned behaviours}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, volume = {44}, year = {2016}, pages = {119-134}, author = {E. L. Hewitt and C. J. Andrews and J. A. Senick and R. E. Wener and U. Krogmann and M. Sorensen Allacci} } @article {588, title = {The effect of occupancy on perceived control, neutral temperature, and behavioral patterns}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {117}, year = {2016}, pages = {246-259}, abstract = {

Agent-based modeling (ABM) allows implementing negotiated behaviors between individual agents. Little is known on how individually preferred behavioral patterns adapt within office spaces used by multiple people. Even less is known about the effect of such negotiated behaviors on the occupants{\textquoteright} satisfaction in terms of preferred indoor thermal conditions and the level of perceived control. In order to gain insights into these processes, an experimental study in a field laboratory was conducted. The 36 subjects worked in the facility for three days: one day in a single person office, one in an office for two people, and one in an office for four people. They were allowed to tilt windows, close blinds, use a ceiling fan, or adjust their clothing levels. The data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results suggest that perceived control is negatively affected by the number of people, neutral temperatures are negatively affected by a lack of perceived control, actions on windows are increasing and actions on blinds and fans are decreasing. Based on the results, suggestions for advancements of ABM are given. However, further studies - especially field studies - are necessary before these results can be applied to models applicable for a broader usage.

}, author = {Schweiker, Marcel and Wagner, Andreas} } @article {611, title = {The effect of spatial and temporal randomness of stochastically generated occupancy schedules on the energy performance of a multiresidential building}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {127}, year = {2016}, pages = {279-300}, author = {S. Carlucci and G. Lobaccaro and Y. Li and E. C. Lucchino and R. Ramaci} } @article {608, title = {Energy-Efficient Reuse of Existing Commercial Buildings}, journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association}, volume = {82}, year = {2016}, pages = {113-133}, author = {C. J. Andrews and D. Hattis and D. Listokin and J. A. Senick and G. B. Sherman and J. Souder} } @article {559, title = {A generalized probabilistic formula relating occupant behavior to environmental conditions}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {95}, year = {2016}, month = {01/2016}, pages = {53{\textendash}62}, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.09.004}, author = {C. Wang and D. Yan and H. Sun and Y. Jiang} } @article {627, title = {A generalized probabilistic formula relating occupant behavior to environmental conditions}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {95}, year = {2016}, pages = {53-62}, author = {C. Wang and D. Yan and H. Sun and Y. Jiang} } @article {555, title = {Impact of occupant behaviour on the energy-saving potential of retrofit measures for a public building in the UK}, journal = {Intelligent Buildings International}, volume = {1}, year = {2016}, author = {Wei, S and T. M. Hassan and S.K. Firth and F. Fouchal} } @article {619, title = {Improving the accuracy of energy baseline models for commercial buildings with occupancy data}, journal = {Applied Energy}, volume = {179}, year = {2016}, pages = {247-260}, author = {X. Liang and T. Hong and G. Q. Shen} } @article {626, title = {Influence of asynchronous demand behavior on overcooling in multiple zone AC systems}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {110}, year = {2016}, pages = {65-75}, author = {D. Yan and Y. Jiang and X. Shi} } @article {629, title = {Influence of household air-conditioning use modes on the energy performance of residential district cooling systems}, journal = {Building Simulation}, volume = {9}, year = {2016}, pages = {429-441}, author = {X. Zhou and D. Yan and X. Feng and G. Deng and Y. Jian and Y. Jiang} } @article {589, title = {The influence of personality traits on occupant behavioural patterns}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {131}, year = {2016}, pages = {63-75}, abstract = {

Occupant behaviour in office buildings and its driving forces have been investigated intensely. Despite huge individual differences, these analyses are mainly performed on aggregated levels. Attempts are scarce to explain underlying mechanisms which personal characteristics lead to observed differences. This study presents a unique analysis of the influence of personality traits on four types of behavioural patterns - clothing adjustments, window opening, blind closing, and interactions with a ceiling fan - and two dimensions of thermal perception{\textendash} sensation and preference. As personality traits, three of the Big Five personality traits describing human personality, namely neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to new experiences, together with the concepts of general and thermo-specific self-efficacy were analysed. The data set used derived from experimental studies in a semi-controlled climate chamber with single occupied offices consisting of 65 subjects. Throughout the analysis, multivariate logistic, linear, and ordinal mixed effect model analyses were performed. According to the results, all personality traits lead to significant differences between behavioural patterns. Thermal sensation was affected significantly by extraversion, thermal preference by neuroticism, openness and thermo-specific self-efficacy. Together with additional experimental and field studies these results can form a basis for theory-driven occupant behavioural profiles used in building performance simulation.

}, author = {Schweiker, Marcel and Hawighorst, Maren and Wagner, Andreas} } @article {584, title = {An inquiry into the reliability of window operation models in building performance simulation}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {105}, year = {2016}, pages = { 343{\textendash}357}, author = {F Tahmasebi and A Mahdavi} } @article {621, title = {International survey on current occupant modelling approaches in building performance simulation}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-19}, author = {W. O{\textquoteright}Brien and I. Gaetani and S. Gilani and S. Carlucci and P.-J. Hoes and J. Hensen} } @article {618, title = {The link between autonomic and behavioral thermoregulation}, journal = {Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal}, volume = {3}, year = {2016}, pages = {195}, author = {B. R. Kingma} } @article {620, title = {Occupancy data analytics and prediction: a case study}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {102}, year = {2016}, pages = {179-192}, author = {X. Liang and T. Hong and G. Q. Shen} } @article {592, title = {Occupancy Patterns Scoping Review Project}, year = {2016}, institution = {Department for Business, Energy \& Industrial Strategy, University of Southampton}, author = {Gauthier, S. and Aragon, V. and James, P. and Anderson, B.} } @article {614, title = {Occupant behavior in building energy simulation: towards a fit-for-purpose modeling strategy}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {121}, year = {2016}, pages = {188-204}, author = {I. Gaetani and P.-J. Hoes and J. L. Hensen} } @article {610, title = {Occupant behavior lifestyles in a residential nearly zero energy building: Effect on energy use and thermal comfort}, journal = {Science and Technology for the Built Environment}, volume = {22}, year = {2016}, pages = {960-975}, author = {V. M. Barthelmes and C. Becchio and S. P. Corgnati} } @article {616, title = {An occupant behavior modeling tool for co-simulation}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {117}, year = {2016}, pages = {272-281}, author = {T. Hong and H. Sun and Y. Chen and S. C. Taylor-Lange and D. Yan} } @article {609, title = {Optimizing the performance of energy-intensive commercial buildings: Occupancy-focused data collection and analysis approach}, journal = {Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, volume = {30}, year = {2016}, pages = {C4015002}, author = {E. Azar and C. C. Menassa} } @article {560, title = {A preliminary research on the derivation of typical occupant behavior based on large-scale questionnaire surveys}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {117}, year = {2016}, month = {Under press}, pages = {332-340}, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.09.055}, author = {X.Feng and D. Yan and C. Wang and H. Sun} } @article {622, title = {A preliminary study of representing the inter-occupant diversity in occupant modelling}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-18}, author = {W. O{\textquoteright}Brien and H. B. Gunay and F. Tahmasebi and A. Mahdavi} } @article {625, title = {Relative importance of factors influencing building energy in urban environment}, journal = {Energy}, volume = {111}, year = {2016}, pages = {237-250}, author = {W. Tian and Yunliang Liu and Yeonsook Heo and Da Yan and Zhanyong Lia and Jingjing An and Song Yang} } @article {613, title = {On the sensitivity to different aspects of occupant behaviour for selecting the appropriate modelling complexity in building performance predictions}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-11}, author = {I. Gaetani and P.-J. Hoes and J. L. Hensen} } @article {612, title = {On the simulation repetition and temporal discretization of stochastic occupant behaviour models in building performance simulation}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-13}, author = {X. Feng and D. Yan and C. Wang} } @article {605, title = {Survey and performance analysis of centralized domestic hot water system in China}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {133}, year = {2016}, pages = {321-334}, author = {J. An and D. Yan and G. Deng and R. Yu} } @article {617, title = {Urban residential heating in hot summer and cold winter zones of China{\textemdash}Status, modeling, and scenarios to 2030}, journal = {Energy Policy}, volume = {92}, year = {2016}, pages = {158-170}, author = {S. Hu and D. Yan and Y. Cui and S. Guo} } @article {607, title = {Using synthetic population data for prospective modeling of occupant behavior during design}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {126}, year = {2016}, pages = {415-423}, author = {C. J. Andrews and M. S. Allacci and J. Senick and H. C. Putra and I. Tsoulou} } @article {624, title = {Variability of building simulation results depending on selected weather files and conditioning set points{\textendash}a case study for a residential building in Victoria, Australia}, journal = {Journal of Green Building}, volume = {11}, year = {2016}, pages = {91-108}, author = {A. Roetzel} } @conference {554, title = {Analysis of factors influencing the modelling of occupant window opening behaviour in an office building in Beijing, China}, booktitle = {Building Simulation Conference}, year = {2015}, publisher = {IBPSA}, organization = {IBPSA}, address = {Hyderabad, India}, author = {S. Wei and C. Xu and S. Pan and J. Su and Y. Wang and X. Luo and T. Hassan and S. Firth and F. Fouchal and R. Jones and P. de Wilde} } @article {553, title = {A Case Study on Household Electricity Uses and Their Variations Due to Occupant Behavior in Chinese Apartments in Beijing}, journal = {Journal of Asian Architecture and Building }, volume = {14}, year = {2015}, month = {679-686}, author = {Y. Jian and Y. Li and S. Wei and Y. Zhang and Z. Bai} } @conference {562, title = {Classification of occupant air-conditioning behavior patterns}, booktitle = {14th International Conference of the International Building Performance Simulation Association }, year = {2015}, publisher = {IBPSA}, organization = {IBPSA}, address = {Hyderabad, India}, author = {X. Feng and D. Yan and C. Wang} } @article {483, title = {Data analysis and stochastic modeling of lighting energy use in large office buildings in China}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {86}, year = {2015}, pages = {275-287}, author = {Zhou, X. and Yan, D. and Hong, T. and Ren, X.} } @proceedings {569, title = {Data Mining of Occupant Behavior in Office Buildings}, volume = {78}, year = {2015}, month = {11/2015}, pages = {585-590}, publisher = {Energy Procedia}, address = {Turin, Italy}, author = {S. D{\textquoteright}Oca and S.P. Corgnati and T. Hong} } @article {352, title = {Data mining of space heating system performance in affordable housing}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {89}, year = {2015}, pages = {1-13}, author = {Ren, X. and Yan, D. and Hong, T.} } @proceedings {519, title = {Default Conditions: A Reason for Design to Integrate Human Factors }, year = {2015}, address = {Pittsburgh, PA, USA}, author = {Heydarian, A. and Carneiro, JP. and Pantazis, E. and Gerber, D. and Becerik-Gerber, B.} } @article {539, title = {The deployment-dependence of occupancy-related models in building performance simulation}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.09.065}, author = {Ardeshir Mahdavi and Farhang Tahmasebi} } @article {546, title = {Does the occupant behavior match the energy concept of the building? {\textendash} Analysis of a German naturally ventilated office building}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {84 January 2015}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {142{\textendash}150}, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.10.018}, author = {K.Schakib-Ekbatan and F. Zehra Zakici and M.Schweiker and A. Wagner} } @article {600, title = {Eco-Evolutionary Pathways Toward Industrial Cities}, journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology, }, volume = {19}, year = {2015}, pages = {274-284}, author = {H. Chandra-Putra and J. Chen and C. J. Andrews} } @conference {591, title = {On the effect of the number of persons in one office room on occupants physiological and subjective responses under summer conditions}, booktitle = {Healthy Buildings Europe}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Healthy Buildings Europe}, organization = {Healthy Buildings Europe}, address = { Eindhoven, the Netherland}, author = {Schweiker, Marcel and Wagner, Andreas} } @article {603, title = {Energy consumption in buildings and female thermal demand}, journal = {Nature climate change}, volume = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {1054-1056}, author = {B. Kingma and W. van Marken Lichtenbelt} } @article {46, title = {Energy consumption in households while unoccupied: Evidence from dormitories.}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {87}, year = {2015}, pages = {335-341}, author = {Anderson, K. and Song, K. and Lee, SH. and Lee, H. and Park, M.} } @article {514, title = {Evaluating the Impact of Extreme Energy Use Behavior on Occupancy Interventions in Commercial Buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {97}, year = {2015}, pages = {205-218}, author = {Azar, E. and Menassa, C.} } @proceedings {551, title = {Exploring the Implications of Different Occupancy Modelling Approaches for Building Performance Simulation Results}, volume = {78}, year = {2015}, month = {11/2015}, pages = {567{\textendash}572}, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.737}, author = {F. Tahmasebi and S. Mostofi and A. Mahdavi} } @proceedings {570, title = {From consumer smart monitoring to demand response in the domestic sector: Italian case studies}, year = {2015}, address = {Lucerne, Switzerland }, author = {S. D{\textquoteright}Oca and V. Fabi and V.M. Barthelmes and S.P. Corgnati} } @article {503, title = {Immersive Virtual Environments, Understanding the Impact of Design Features and Occupant Choice upon Lighting for Building Performance}, journal = {Journal of Building and Environment}, volume = {89}, year = {2015}, pages = {217-228}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.038}, author = {Heydarian, A. and Carneiro, JP. and Gerber, D. and Becerik-Gerber, B.} } @article {504, title = {Immersive Virtual Environments versus Physical Built Environments: A Benchmarking Study for Building Design and User-Built Environment Explorations}, journal = {Automation in Construction}, volume = {54}, year = {2015}, pages = {116-126}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2015.03.020}, author = {Heydarian, A. and Carneiro, JP. and Gerber, D. and Becerik-Gerber, B. and Hayes, T. and Wood, W.} } @article {544, title = {The impact of occupant behaviour on residential greenhouse gas emissions reduction}, journal = {Journal of Green Building}, volume = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {Fall 2015}, pages = {127-140}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.10.4.127}, author = {J.Hetherington and A. Roetzel and R. Fuller} } @article {604, title = {Indoor air quality in green buildings: A case-study in a residential high-rise building in the northeastern United States}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health}, volume = {50}, year = {2015}, pages = {225-242}, author = {Y. Xiong and U. Krogmann and G. Mainelis and L. A. Rodenburg and C. J. Andrews} } @article {478, title = {Inference of building occupancy signals using moving horizon estimation and Fourier regularization (submitted)}, journal = {Journal of Process Control}, year = {2015}, keywords = {Air flow, Carbon dioxide, Fourier, Moving horizon estimation, occupancy, Regularization}, isbn = {0959-1524}, author = {Zavala, VM.} } @article {602, title = {Influence of stochastic internal heat gains in multifamily buildings on yearly energy demand }, journal = {INSTAL (in Polish)}, volume = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {55-61}, author = {K. Bandurski and H. Koczyk} } @article {400, title = {Integrating social science in energy research}, journal = {ENERG RES SOC SCI }, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {95-99}, author = {Sovacool, BK. and Ryan, SE. and Stern, PC. and Janda, K. and Rochlin, G. and Spreng, D. and Pasqualetti, MJ. and Wilhite, H. and Lutzenhiser, L.} } @article {601, title = {Investigation and analyses of residential heating in the HSCW climate zone of China: Status quo and key features}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {94}, year = {2015}, pages = {532-542}, author = {S. Guo and D. Yan and C. Peng and Y. Cui and X. Zhou and S. Hu} } @conference {563, title = {Investigation and Modelling of the Centralized Solar Domestic Hot Water System in Residential Buildings}, booktitle = {The 8th international cold climate HVAC Conference}, year = {2015}, address = {Dalian, China}, author = {R. Yu and D. Yan and X. Feng} } @article {511, title = {Long term experimental evaluation of the influence of heat cost allocators on energy consumption in a multifamily building}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {104}, year = {2015}, pages = {122-130}, keywords = {Energy efficiency, energy savings, heat allocation, multifamily buildings, residential sector}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.083}, author = {Cholewa, T. and Siuta-Olcha, A.} } @conference {561, title = {Modeling individual{\textquoteright}s light switching behavior to understand lighting energy use of office building}, booktitle = {CUE2015-Applied Energy Symposium and Summit 2015: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems}, year = {2015}, address = {Fuzhou, China}, author = {C. Wang and D. Yan and X. Ren} } @conference {572, title = {On modelling and simulation of occupant models}, booktitle = {Building Simulation Conference}, year = {2015}, publisher = {IBPSA}, organization = {IBPSA}, address = {Hyderabad, India}, author = {B. Gunay and W.L. O{\textquoteright}Brien and I. Beausoleil-Morrison and S. D{\textquoteright}Oca and S.P. Corgnati} } @article {565, title = {Occupancy schedules learning process through a data mining framework}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {88}, year = {2015}, month = {02/2015}, pages = {395{\textendash}408}, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.11.065}, author = {S. D{\textquoteright}Oca and T. Hong} } @article {552, title = {Occupant behavior modeling for building performance simulation: Current state and future challenges}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {107}, year = {2015}, month = {11/2015}, pages = {264{\textendash}278}, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.08.032}, author = {D. Yan and W. O{\textquoteright}Brien and T. Hong and X. Feng and H.B. Gunay and F. Tahmasebi and A. Mahdavi} } @article {488, title = {Occupant behaviour simulation for cellular offices in early design stages{\textemdash}Architectural and modelling considerations}, journal = {Building Simulation}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, pages = {211-224}, author = {Roetzel, A.} } @proceedings {542, title = {Occupant individual thermal comfort data analysis in an office}, year = {2015}, pages = {108-116}, address = {Pittsburgh PA}, author = {J. Zhao and K.P Lam and V. Loftness and B.E. Ydstie} } @article {541, title = {Occupant-oriented mixed-mode EnergyPlus predictive control simulation}, journal = {Energy and Buildings, SI: Advances in BEM and Sim}, year = {2015}, month = {In Press}, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.09.027}, author = {J. Zhao and K.P. Lam and B.E. Ydstie and V. Loftness} } @article {505, title = {An Online Learning Approach for Quantifying Personalized Thermal Comfort via Adaptive Stochastic Modeling}, journal = {Journal of Building and Environment}, volume = {92}, year = {2015}, pages = {86-96}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.04.017 }, author = {Ghahramani, A. and Tang, C. and Becerik-Gerber, B.} } @article {200, title = {An ontology to represent energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part I: Introduction to the DNAs framework}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {92}, year = {2015}, chapter = {764-777}, abstract = {

Reducing energy consumption in the buildings sector requires significant changes, but technology alone may fail to guarantee efficient energy performance. Human behavior plays a pivotal role in building design, operation, management and retrofit, and is a crucial positive factor for improving the indoor environment, while reducing energy use at low cost. Over the past 40 years, a substantial body of literature has explored the impacts of human behavior on building technologies and operation. Often, need-action-event cognitive theoretical frameworks were used to represent human-machine interactions. In Part I of this paper, a review of more than 130 published behavioral studies and frameworks was conducted. A large variety of data-driven behavioral models have been developed based on field monitoring of the human-building-system interaction. Studies have emerged scattered geographically around the world that lack in standardization and consistency, thus leading to difficulties when comparing one with another. To address this problem, an ontology to represent energy-related occupant behavior in buildings is presented. Accordingly, the technical DNAs framework is developed based on four key components: i) the Drivers of behavior, ii) the Needs of the occupants, iii) the Actions carried out by the occupants, and iv) the building systems acted upon by the occupants. This DNAs framework is envisioned to support the international research community to standardize a systematic representation of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part II of this paper further develops the DNAs framework as an XML (eXtensible Markup Language) schema, obXML, for exchange of occupant information modeling and integration with building simulation tools.

}, keywords = {building energy, human-building-system interaction, modeling, Occupant behavior, ontology, simulation}, author = {Hong, T. and D{\textquoteright}Oca, S. and Turner, WJN. and Taylor-Lange, SC.} } @article {566, title = {An ontology to represent energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part II: Implementation of the DNAS framework using an XML schema}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {94}, year = {2015}, pages = {196{\textendash}205}, doi = {DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.08.006}, author = {T. Hong and S. D{\textquoteright}Oca and S.C. Taylor-Lange and W.J.N. Turner and Y. Chen and S.P. Corgnati} } @article {270, title = {Predicting people{\textquoteright}s presence in buildings: An empirically based model performance analysis.}, journal = {ENERG BUILDINGS}, volume = {86}, year = {2015}, pages = {349-355.}, author = {Mahdavi, A. and Tahmasebi, F.} } @article {255, title = {Probability of occupant operation of windows during transition seasons in office buildings}, journal = {RENEW ENERG}, volume = {73}, year = {2015}, pages = {84-91}, author = {Li, N. and Li, J. and Fan, R. and Jia, H.} } @article {543, title = {Quantifying the human-building interaction: Considering the active, adaptive occupant in building performance simulation}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, year = {2015}, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.09.026}, author = {J. Langevin and J, Wen and P.L. Gurian} } @proceedings {548, title = {Revisiting validation methods of occupant behaviour models}, year = {2015}, address = {Eindhoven, the Netherland}, author = {S. Wolf and M. Schweiker and A. Wagner and C. van Treeck} } @proceedings {556, title = {Segmentation and Classification of Commercial Building Occupants by Energy-Use Efficiency and Predictability}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {1414-1424}, author = {R. Gulbinas and A. Khosrowpour and J. Taylor} } @article {538, title = {The sensitivity of building performance simulation results to the choice of occupants{\textquoteright} presence models: a case study}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1080/19401493.2015.1117528}, author = {Farhang Tahmasebi and Ardeshir Mahdavi} } @article {240, title = {Simulating the human-building interaction: Development and validation of an agent-based model of office occupant behaviors.}, journal = {BUILD ENVIRON }, year = {2015}, author = {Langevin, J. and Wen, J. and Gurian, PL.} } @article {151, title = {Simulation of occupancy in buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {87}, year = {2015}, pages = {348-359}, abstract = {

Occupants are involved in a variety of activities in buildings, which drive them to move among rooms, enter or leave a building. In this study, occupancy is defined at four levels and varies with time: (1) the number of occupants in a building, (2) occupancy status of a space, (3) the number of occupants in a space, and (4) the space location of an occupant. Occupancy has a great influence on internal loads and ventilation requirement, thus building energy consumption. Based on a comprehensive review and comparison of literature on occupancy modeling, three representative occupancy models, corresponding to the levels 2{\textendash}4, are selected and implemented in a software module. Main contributions of our study include: (1) new methods to classify occupancy models, (2) the review and selection of various levels of occupancy models, and (3) new methods to integrate these model into a tool that can be used in different ways for different applications and by different audiences. The software can simulate more detailed occupancy in buildings to improve the simulation of energy use, and better evaluate building technologies in buildings. The occupancy of an office building is simulated as an example to demonstrate the use of the software module.

}, keywords = {Building simulation, Co-simulation, occupancy, Occupant behavior, Software module, Stochastic modeling}, author = {Feng, X. and Yan, D. and Hong, T.} } @article {325, title = {Stochastic model for lighting{\textquoteright}s electricity consumption in the residential sector. Impact of energy saving actions}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {89}, year = {2015}, pages = {245{\textendash}259}, abstract = {

The residential sector represents about 30\% of the total energy demand in Europe. Included in this percentage, lighting consumption is one of the basic end uses in all households and it may come to represents 15{\textendash}20\% of the total electricity bill. This figure can be reduced using advanced control techniques or more efficient lighting technologies, requiring previous detailed information about current consumption patterns. In this context, bottom-up stochastic models are established as the main tools to study new energy savings. In this paper, a high-resolution stochastic model for simulating lighting consumption profiles was developed, obtaining both daily active and reactive instantaneous power demand profiles, with a 1-min resolution. The model takes into account the number of household residents and differentiates between weekdays and weekends. Moreover, the monthly and annual amounts of electricity demanded by lighting in Spanish households were simulated. The proposed model was also used to quantify the impact of LED technology{\textquoteright}s penetration into domestic lighting systems on consumption patterns. Research has revealed the existence of two consumption peaks matching with morning and evening. Although these peaks are hard to shift since they are due to human behavior, they are easy to reduce through the improvement of lighting systems.

}, keywords = {LED technology, Lighting consumption, Reactive power, Residential electricity demand, Stochastic models}, author = {Palacios-Garcia, EJ. and Chen, A. and Santiago, I. and Bellido-Outeirino, FJ. and Flores-Arias, JM. and Moreno-Munoz, A.} } @conference {571, title = {Testing Socio-Economic Demographic Variables on building energy consumption scenarios at the urban scale in Italy}, booktitle = {8th Mediterranean Congress of HVAC {\textendash} 2015}, year = {2015}, address = {Juan-les-Pins, France}, author = {S. D{\textquoteright}Oca, and C. Delmastro and V. Fabi and S.P. Corgnati} } @article {486, title = {Tracking the human-building interaction: Findings from a longitudinal field study of occupant behavior in air-conditioned offices}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology}, volume = {42}, year = {2015}, chapter = {94-115}, keywords = {longitudinal field studies, Occupant behavior, Office buildings, thermal acceptability, thermal comfort}, author = {Langevin, J. and Gurian, PL. and Wen, J.} } @article {115, title = {Understanding high performance buildings: The link between occupant knowledge of passive design systems, corresponding behaviors, occupant comfort and environmental satisfaction. }, journal = {BUILD ENVIRON}, volume = {84}, year = {2015}, pages = {114-124}, author = {Day, JK. and Gunderson, DE.} } @article {88, title = {Using physical, behavioral, and demographic variables to explain
suite-level energy use in multiresidential buildings}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {89}, year = {2015}, pages = {308-317}, author = {Brown, C. and Gorgolewski, M. and Goodwill, A.} } @article {180, title = {On adaptive occupant-learning window blind and lighting controls}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {739-756}, author = {Gunay, BH. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, W. and Beausoleil-Morrison, I. and Huchuk, B.} } @article {353, title = {Air-conditioning usage conditional probability model for residential buildings}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {81}, year = {2014}, pages = {172-182}, author = {Ren, X. and Yan, D. and Wang, C.} } @conference {371, title = {Analysis methods for extracting knowledge from large-scale WiFi monitoring to inform building facility planning.}, booktitle = {PerCom}, year = {2014}, author = {Ruiz, AJ. and Blunck, H. and Prentow, TS. and Stisen, A. and Kj{\ae}rgaard, MB.} } @article {557, title = {BizWatts: A modular socio-technical energy management system for empowering commercial building occupants to conserve energy}, journal = {Applied Energy}, volume = {136}, year = {2014}, month = {12/2014}, pages = {1076{\textendash}1084}, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.034}, author = {R. Gulbinas and R. Jain and J. Taylor} } @article {53, title = {A comprehensive framework to quantify energy savings potential from improved operations of commercial building stocks}, journal = {Energy Policy}, volume = {67}, year = {2014}, pages = {459-472}, keywords = {Commercial building stocks, Energy conservation, Energy management, Energy savings quantification, Occupancy interventions, Operation-focused interventions}, isbn = {0301-4215}, author = {Azar, E. and Menassa, CC.} } @article {515, title = {A Conceptual Framework to Optimize Building Energy Consumption by Coupling Distributed Energy Simulation and Occupancy Model}, journal = {Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering {\textendash}Special Issue on Computational Approaches to Understand and Reduce Energy Consumption in the Built Environment, ASCE}, volume = {28}, year = {2014}, pages = {50-62}, author = {Menassa, C. and Kamat, V. and Lee, S. and Azar, E. and Feng, C. and Anderson, K.} } @article {599, title = {The contextual factors contributing to occupants{\textquoteright} adaptive comfort behaviors in offices{\textendash}A review and proposed modeling framework}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {77}, year = {2014}, pages = {77-87}, author = {W. O{\textquoteright}Brien and H. B. Gunay} } @article {499, title = {Coupled Effects of Personalized Occupancy Profile Based HVAC Schedule and Room Reassignment on Building Energy Consumption}, journal = {Journal of Energy and Building}, volume = {78}, year = {2014}, pages = {113-122}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.04.002}, author = {Yang, Z and Becerik-Gerber, B} } @article {179, title = {Coupling stochastic occupant models to building performance simulation using the discrete event system specification formalism}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {Nov 2}, pages = {457-478}, isbn = {1940-1493; 1940-1507}, author = {Gunay, BH. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, W. and Beausoleil-Morrison, I. and Goldstein, R. and Breslav, S. and Khan, A.} } @conference {568, title = {Data Mining of Occupant Behavior in Office Buildings}, booktitle = {BECC Behavior Energy and Climate Change Conference}, year = {2014}, month = {12/2014}, address = {Washington DC, USA}, author = {T. Hong and S. D{\textquoteright}Oca and S.P. Corgnati} } @article {124, title = {A data-mining approach to discover patterns of window opening and closing behavior in offices}, journal = {BUILD ENVIRON}, volume = {82}, year = {2014}, pages = {726-739}, abstract = {

Understanding the relationship between occupant behaviors and building energy consumption is one of the most effective ways to bridge the gap between predicted and actual energy consumption in buildings. However effective methodologies to remove the impact of other variables on building energy consumption and isolate the leverage of the human factor precisely are still poorly investigated. Moreover, the effectiveness of statistical and data mining approaches in finding meaningful correlations in data is largely undiscussed in literature. This study develops a framework combining statistical analysis with two data-mining techniques, cluster analysis and association rules mining, to identify valid window operational patterns in measured data. Analyses are performed on a data set with measured indoor and outdoor physical parameters and human interaction with operable windows in 16 offices. Logistic regression was first used to identify factors influencing window opening and closing behavior. Clustering procedures were employed to obtain distinct behavioral patterns, including motivational, opening duration, interactivity and window position patterns. Finally the clustered patterns constituted a base for association rules segmenting the window opening behaviors into two archetypal office user profiles for which different natural ventilation strategies as well as robust building design recommendations that may be appropriate. Moreover, discerned working user profiles represent more accurate input to building energy modeling programs, to investigate the impacts of typical window opening behavior scenarios on energy use, thermal comfort and productivity in office buildings.

}, keywords = {Behavioral pattern, Data mining, Occupant behavior, Office buildings, window-closing, window-opening}, author = {D{\textquoteright}Oca, S. and Hong, T.} } @article {476, title = {Detecting direction of movement using pyroelectric infrared sensors}, journal = {Sensors Journal, IEEE}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {1482-1489}, keywords = {accuracy, Legged locomotion, machine learning, movement detection, occupancy sensing, occupant localization, Pyroelectric infrared sensor, sensor arrays, Sensor systems, Support vector machines}, isbn = {1530-437X}, author = {Yun, J. and Song, M. H.} } @article {402, title = {Detection of buildings in multispectral very high spatial resolution images using the percentage occupancy hit-or-miss transform}, journal = {Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, IEEE Journal of}, volume = {PP}, number = {99}, year = {2014}, pages = {1-1}, keywords = {building detection, Buildings, gray-scale, image reconstruction, image segmentation, multivariate mathematical morphology, percentage occupancy hit-or-miss transform (POHMT), spatial resolution, transforms, Vectors, very high spatial resolution (VHSR) images}, isbn = {1939-1404}, author = {Stankov, K. and He, DC.} } @article {431, title = {Distributed lighting control with daylight and occupancy adaptation}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {75}, year = {2014}, month = {6//}, pages = {321-329}, keywords = {Daylight and occupancy adaptation, Distributed lighting control, PI controllers}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {van de Meugheuvel, N. and Pandharipande, A. and Caicedo, D. and van den Hof, PPJ.} } @article {451, title = {Driving factors for occupant-controlled space heating in residential buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {70}, year = {2014}, pages = {36-44}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, author = {Wei, S. and Jones, R. and de Wilde, P.} } @article {43, title = {Dynamic modeling of presence of occupants using inhomogeneous Markov chains}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {69}, year = {2014}, pages = {213-223}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, author = {Andersen, PD. and Iversen, A. and Madsen, H. and Rode, C.} } @article {564, title = {Effect of thermostat and window opening occupant behavior models on energy use in homes}, journal = {Building Simulation}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {683-694}, doi = {DOI:10.1007/s12273-014-0191-6, }, author = {S. D{\textquoteright}Oca and S.P. Corgnati and V. Fabi and R.K. Andersen} } @article {177, title = {Effects of real-time eco-feedback and organizational network dynamics on energy efficient behavior in commercial buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {84}, year = {2014}, pages = {493-500}, author = {Gulbinas, R. and Taylor, J.} } @article {362, title = {Energy efficiency evaluation of zero energy houses}, journal = {ENERG BUILDINGS}, volume = {83}, year = {2014}, pages = {23-35}, author = {Rodriguez-Ubinas, E. and Rodriguez, S. and Voss, K. and Todorovic, MS.} } @article {558, title = {Energy Saving Alignment Strategy: Achieving Energy Efficiency in Urban Buildings by Matching Occupant Temperature Preferences with a Building{\textquoteright}s Indoor Thermal Environment}, journal = {Applied Energy}, volume = {123}, year = {2014}, month = {06/2014}, pages = {209{\textendash}219}, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.02.039}, author = {X. Xu and P. Culligan and J. Taylor} } @article {446, title = {Energy saving practice diffusion in online networks}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {76}, year = {2014}, pages = {622-630}, author = {Wang, Q. and Taylor J.} } @article {212, title = {Forecasting energy consumption of multi-family residential buildings using support vector regression: Investigating the impact of temporal and spatial monitoring granularity on performance accuracy}, journal = {Applied Energy}, volume = {123}, year = {2014}, pages = {168-178}, author = {Jain, R. and Smith, K. and Culligan, P. and Taylor, J.} } @article {341, title = {A framework for targeting household energy savings through habitual behavioral change.}, journal = {International Journal of Sustainable Energy}, year = {2014}, author = {Pothitou, M. and Kolios, AJ. and Varga, L. and Gu, S.} } @article {516, title = {A Framework to Evaluate Energy Saving Potential from Occupancy Interventions in Typical US Commercial Buildings}, journal = {Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering - Special Issue on Computational Approaches to Understand and Reduce Energy Consumption in the Built Environment, ASCE}, volume = {28}, year = {2014}, pages = {63-78}, author = {Azar, E. and Menassa, C.} } @article {119, title = {The gap between predicted and measured energy performance of buildings: A framework for investigation.}, journal = {Automation in Construction}, volume = {41}, year = {2014}, pages = {40-49}, author = {de Wilde, P.} } @article {338, title = {Human-based energy retrofits in residential buildings: A cost-effective alternative to traditional physical strategies}, journal = {APPL ENERG }, volume = {133}, year = {2014}, pages = {224-235}, author = {Pisello, AL. and Asdrubali, F.} } @article {496, title = {Human-Building Interaction Framework for Personalized Thermal Comfort Driven Systems in Office Buildings}, journal = {ASCE Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, Special Issue: Computational Approaches to Understand and Reduce Energy Consumption in the Built Environment,}, volume = {28}, year = {2014}, pages = {2-16}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.11.066}, author = {Jazizadeh, F. and Ghahramani, A. and Becerik-Gerber, B. and Kichkaylo, T. and Orosz, M.} } @article {363, title = {Impact of building design and occupancy on office comfort and energy performance in different climates}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {71}, year = {2014}, pages = {165-175}, keywords = {adaptive thermal comfort, Architectural design, Climate change, occupants, Visual comfort}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Roetzel, A. and Tsangrassoulis, A. and Dietrich, U.} } @article {216, title = {The impact of combined water and energy consumption eco-feedback on conservation}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, pages = {114-119}, author = {Jeong, S. and Gulbinas, R. and Jain, R. and Taylor, J.} } @article {75, title = {Impact of occupant{\textquoteright}s actions on energy building performance and thermal sensation}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {76}, year = {2014}, pages = {219-227}, author = {Bonte, M. and Thellier, F. and Lartigue, B.} } @article {517, title = {Impact of Social Network Type and Structure on Modeling Normative Energy Use Behavior Interventions}, journal = {Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering {\textendash}Special Issue on Computational Approaches to Understand and Reduce Energy Consumption in the Built Environment, ASC}, volume = {28}, year = {2014}, pages = {30-39}, author = {Anderson, K. and Lee, S. and Menassa, C.} } @article {510, title = { Influence of Personal Attributes on Perception of Residential Facilities Management Services}, journal = {Facilities}, volume = {32}, year = {2014}, pages = {509-521}, author = {Lai, JHK.} } @article {254, title = {An insight into actual energy use and its drivers in high-performance buildings}, journal = { Applied Energy}, volume = {131}, year = {2014}, pages = {394-410}, author = {Li, C. and Hong, T. and Yan, D.} } @article {406, title = {Integrating probabilistic methods for describing occupant presence with building energy simulation models}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {68, Part A}, year = {2014}, pages = {99-107}, keywords = {building energy models, Occupant behavior, Occupant presence, Probabilistic methods}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Stoppel, CM. and Leite, F.} } @article {502, title = {A Knowledge Based Approach for Selecting Energy- Aware and Comfort-Driven HVAC Temperature Set Points}, journal = {Journal of Energy and Buildings}, volume = {85}, year = {2014}, pages = {536-548}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.09.055}, author = {Ghahramani, A. and Jazizadeh, F. and Becerik-Gerber, B.} } @article {38, title = {A method for the identification and modelling of realistic domestic occupancy sequences for building energy demand simulations and peer comparison.}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {75}, year = {2014}, month = {5//}, pages = {67-78}, keywords = {Building simulations, Hierarchical clustering, Occupancy patterns, Peer comparison, Probabilistic modelling, User behaviour}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Aerts, D. and Minnen, J. and Glorieux, I. and Wouters, I. and Descamps, F.} } @article {497, title = {Modeling Personalized Occupancy Profiles for Representing Long Term Patterns by Using Ambient Context}, journal = {Journal of Building and Environment}, volume = {78}, year = {2014}, pages = {23-35}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.04.003}, author = {Yang, Z. and Becerik-Gerber, B.} } @article {176, title = {Network eco-informatics: Development of a social eco-feedback system to drive energy efficiency in residential buildings}, journal = { ASCE Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = { 89-98}, author = {Gulbinas, R. and Jain, R. and Taylor, J. and Peschiera, G. and Golparvar-Fard, M.} } @article {465, title = {Network synergy effect: Establishing a synergy between building network and peer network energy conservation effects}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {68}, year = {2014}, pages = {312-320}, author = {Xu, X.. and Taylor, J. and Pisello, A.} } @article {482, title = {Occupant behavior and schedule modeling for building energy simulation through office appliance power consumption data mining}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {82}, year = {2014}, pages = {341-355}, author = {Zhao, J. and Lasternas, B. and Lam, KP. and Yun, R. and Loftness, V.} } @conference {512, title = {Occupant Behavior in Building Design and Operation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of HK Joint Symposium}, year = {2014}, month = {11/2014}, author = {Lee, C. and Tong, J. and Cheng, V.} } @proceedings {549, title = {Presenting lobster, an innovative climate chamber, and the analysis of the effect of a ceiling fan on the thermal sensation and performance under summer conditions in an office-like setting}, year = {2014}, pages = {924 {\textendash} 937}, address = {Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK}, author = {M. Schweiker and S. Brasche and M. Hawighorst and W. Bischof and A. Wagner} } @article {329, title = {Pseudo dynamic transitional modeling of building heating energy demand using artificial neural network}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {70}, year = {2014}, pages = {81-93}, keywords = {Artificial neural network, Building energy prediction, Occupancy profile, Operational heating characteristics, Orthogonal arrays, Short term building energy forecasting}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Paudel, S. and Elmtiri, M. and Kling, WL. and Corre, OL. and Lacarri{\`e}re, B.} } @article {131, title = {A real-time model predictive control for building heating and cooling systems based on the occupancy behavior pattern detection and local weather forecasting}, journal = {Building Simulation}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {89-106}, isbn = {1996-3599}, author = {Dong, B. and Lam, KP.} } @article {191, title = {A review on lighting control technologies in commercial buildings, their performance and affecting factors}, journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews}, volume = {33}, year = {2014}, month = {5//}, pages = {268-279}, keywords = {Commercial building, daylight, Energy efficiency, Energy saving, Lighting control system, Occupancy sensor}, isbn = {1364-0321}, author = {Haq, MA. and Hassan, MY. and Abdullah, H. and Rahman, HA. and Abdullah, MP. and Hussin, F. and Said, DM.} } @article {250, title = {Simulating multiple occupant behaviors in buildings: An agent-based modeling approach}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {69}, year = {2014}, pages = {407-416}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, author = {Lee, YS. and Malkawi, AM.} } @article {138, title = {Simulation and evaluation of Building Information Modeling in a real pilot site}, journal = {APPL ENERG}, volume = {114}, year = {2014}, pages = {475-484}, abstract = {The current methods of building energy simulation that designers and engineers (D\&E) use in order to find the energy performance of a building do not take into account the real behavior of the people who will use the building. The main aim of this paper is to show how by merely including the real behavior of people in building simulations there may be differences of up to 30\%, through the study of a real pilot site simulation with existing software. These data confirm the possibilities of energy and money saving that energy simulation programs bring about when they include schedules of true use of the building (BIM).}, keywords = {Architecture, Building Information Model, Energy efficiency, Human flow, simulation, Software}, author = {Eguaras-Mart{\'\i}nez, M. and Vidaurre-Arbizu, M. and Mart{\'\i}n-G{\'o}mez, C.} } @article {109, title = {Smart meters and energy savings in Italy: Determining the effectiveness of persuasive communication in dwellings. }, journal = { ENERG RES SOC SCI}, volume = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {131{\textendash}142}, author = {D{\textquoteright}Oca, S. and Corgnati, SP. and Buso T.} } @article {408, title = {Stochastic modeling of overtime occupancy and its application in building energy simulation and calibration}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {79}, year = {2014}, pages = {1-12}, author = {Sun, K. and Yan, D. and Hong, T. and Guo, S.} } @article {500, title = {A Systematic Approach to Occupancy Modeling in Ambient Sensor Rich Office Environments}, journal = {Simulation: Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International, Special Issue: Simulation for Architecture and Urban Design}, volume = {90}, year = {2014}, pages = {960-977}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549713489918}, author = {Yang, Z. and Li, N. and Becerik-Gerber, B. and Orosz, M.} } @article {468, title = {Is there anybody in there? Intelligent Radar Occupancy Sensors}, journal = {Microwave Magazine, IEEE}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {57-64}, keywords = {Baseband, Doppler effect, Doppler radar, heating ventilation air conditioning control, HVAC control, intelligent sensors, lighting control, Occupancy sensor, Receivers, security, security purpose, sensors}, isbn = {1527-3342}, author = {Yavari, E. and Chenyan, S. and Lubecke, V. and Boric-Lubecke, O.} } @article {295, title = {Three unobtrusive domestic occupancy measurement technologies under qualitative review}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {69}, year = {2014}, month = {2//}, pages = {507-514}, keywords = {CO2, Device-free localisation, occupancy, Occupant detection, Signal strength}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Naghiyev, E. and Gillott, M. and Wilson, R.} } @article {230, title = {Tool support for detection and analysis of following and leadership behavior of pedestrians from mobile sensing data. }, journal = {Pervasive and Mobile Computing}, volume = {10}, year = {2014}, pages = {104-117}, author = {Kj{\ae}rgaard, MB. and Blunck, H.} } @article {393, title = {Uncertainty analysis of user behavior and physical parameters in residential building performance simulation}, journal = {ENERG BUILDINGS }, volume = {76}, year = {2014}, pages = {381-391}, abstract = {The objective of this study is to analyse uncertainties in building simulation through a probabilistic approach. The EnergyPlus computer programme was used to assess a model of a low-income house located in Florian{\'o}polis, southern Brazil. Uncertainties of the user behaviour and physical parameters were obtained through literature review and field survey, respectively. The Latin hypercube was used to create a sample of uncertainties to analyse the thermal performance and energy consumption of the house. A sensitivity analysis using the Standardised Regression Coefficients was performed to obtain the most important parameters in the thermal performance and energy consumption. The results showed that the relative deviation with 95\% confidence ranges from 6.6\% to 21.5\% on the degree-hour for heating and cooling, and from 19.5\% to 43.5\% on the energy consumption for heating and cooling, respectively. These percentage values are the uncertainties found in each analysis. The specific heat and thickness of materials, solar absorptances, ground temperatures, and the albedo (physical uncertainties) and the occupancy schedules, the equipment power and the number of occupants (user behaviour uncertainties) were important parameters in the analysis. Thus, such parameters must be measured or estimated by more precise methods as they most influence the simulation results.}, keywords = {Building performance simulation, sensitivity analysis, Uncertainty analysis, User behaviour}, author = {Silva, AS. and Ghisi, E.} } @article {498, title = {User-Led Decentralized Thermal Comfort Driven HVAC Operations for Improved Efficiency in Office Buildings}, journal = {Journal of Energy and Buildings}, volume = {70}, year = {2014}, pages = {398-410}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.11.066}, author = {Jazizadeh F and Ghahramani A and Becerik-Gerber B and Kichkaylo T and Orosz M} } @article {399, title = {What are we doing here? Analyzing fifteen years of energy scholarship and proposing a social science research agenda}, journal = {ENERG RES SOC SCI}, year = {2014}, pages = {1-29}, author = {Sovacool, BK. and Ryan, SE. and Stern, PC. and Janda, K. and Rochlin, G. and Spreng, D. and Pasqualetti, MJ. and Wilhite, H. and Lutzenhiser, L.} } @article {262, title = {Analysis and modeling of active occupancy of the residential sector in Spain: An indicator of residential electricity consumption}, journal = {Energy Policy}, volume = {62}, year = {2013}, pages = {742-751}, keywords = {demand side management, domestic active occupancy, domestic electricity consumption}, isbn = {0301-4215}, author = {L{\'o}pez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, MA. and Santiago, I. and Trillo-Montero, D. and Torriti, J. and Moreno-Munoz, A.} } @article {233, title = {Application of fuzzy technique to integrate multiple occupancy scenarios into house rating schemes (HRS)}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {67}, year = {2013}, month = {12//}, pages = {463-470}, keywords = {Energy efficiency, fuzzy logic, House, Occupancy scenarios}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Kordjamshidi, M.} } @proceedings {416, title = {Bed occupancy measurements using under mattress pressure sensors for long term monitoring of community-dwelling older adults}, year = {2013}, month = {4-5 May 2013}, pages = {130-134}, keywords = {bed occupancy, bed occupancy features, bed occupancy information, bed occupancy measurements, biomedical equipment, community-dwelling older adults, computational time, data processing, down sampling, geriatrics, health clinicians, health intervention, long term monitoring, neurophysiology, optimal sampling rate, patient monitoring, pressure sensors, processing algorithm, processing algorithms, short term monitoring, sleep, sleep researchers, time older adults, under mattress pressure sensors}, author = {Taylor, M. and Grant, T. and Knoefel, F. and Goubran, R.} } @article {182, title = {Best practices for commissioning automatic daylighting controls}, journal = {Ashrae Journal}, volume = {55}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, month = {Sep}, pages = {46-+}, abstract = {Automatic daylighting control is an energy-savings strategy used with increasing frequency in high performance building design. (1)This type of control generally includes a photosensor that automatically dims or switches electric lighting to a lower energy state in response to natural daylight. Considerable effort is often expended on architectural and lighting design to bring in more natural light and give these systems high potential for performance. Unfortunately, the actual execution of the controls is often an afterthought.}, isbn = {0001-2491; 1943-6637}, author = {Hackel, S. and Schuetter, S.} } @proceedings {39, title = {Building energy models: Quantifying uncertainties due to stochastic processes.}, year = {2013}, month = {10-13 Dec. 2013}, pages = {4814-4820}, keywords = {Analytical models, building, building energy models, Buildings, Computational modeling, Data models, energy consumption, energy footprint, estimate error bounds, GHG emissions, greenhouse gas, greenhouses, Karhunen-Loe\&$\#$x0300, multiple retrofit design options, Predictive models, quantifying uncertainties, retrofit commissioning, retrofit installation, sensitivity analysis, stochastic processes, Uncertainty, uncertainty quantification, ve expansion}, isbn = {0743-1546}, author = {Ahuja, S. and Peles, S.} } @proceedings {239, title = {Building variable resolution occupancy maps assuming unknown but bounded sensor errors}, year = {2013}, month = {3-7 Nov. 2013}, pages = {4687-4693}, keywords = {bounded error quadtree, bounded sensor errors, distributed sensors, grid cell size, grid map model, grid mapping, interval analysis, inverse sensor model, Laser beams, Laser modes, laser rangefinders, laser ranging, Mathematical model, Measurement by laser beam, mobile robots, normal distributed sensor errors, normal distribution, occupancy quadtree maps, path planning, pose uncertainty, probabilistic grid map, Probabilistic logic, probabilistic models, probability, quadtrees, Robot sensing systems, sensor uncertainty, Surface emitting lasers, two dimensional maps, variable resolution grid maps, variable resolution occupancy maps}, isbn = {2153-0858}, author = {Langerwisch, M. and Wagner, B.} } @proceedings {312, title = {Cloud based passive building occupancy characterization for attack and disaster response}, year = {2013}, month = {12-14 Nov. 2013}, pages = {748-753}, keywords = {building occupancy levels, building occupant schedules, commercial building occupants, inferred occupancy characterization, rescue operations}, author = {Nyarko, K. and Wright-Brown, C.} } @proceedings {396, title = {Continuous occupancy maps using overlapping local Gaussian processes}, year = {2013}, month = {3-7 Nov. 2013}, pages = {4709-4714}, keywords = {Bayes methods, Bayesian framework, Buildings, cartography, computational complexity, continuous occupancy maps, continuous occupancy voxel maps, discontinuity problem, divide and conquer strategy, Gaussian processes, Laser beams, laser range finder, map building, overlapping clusters, overlapping local Gaussian processes, robots, Three-dimensional displays, Training data}, isbn = {2153-0858}, author = {Soohwan, K. and Jonghyuk, K.} } @article {178, title = {A critical review of observation studies, modeling, and simulation of adaptive occupant behaviors in offices}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {70}, year = {2013}, pages = {31-47}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {adaptive occupant behaviors}, author = {Gunay, BH. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, W. and Beausoleil-Morrison, I.} } @article {302, title = {Do "green{\textquoteright} buildings have better indoor environments? New evidence}, journal = {Building Research and Information}, volume = {41}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {Aug 1}, pages = {415-434}, abstract = {A post-occupancy evaluation (POE) of 12 green and 12 conventional office buildings across Canada and the northern United States was conducted. Occupants (N = 2545) completed an online questionnaire related to environmental satisfaction, job satisfaction and organizational commitment, health and well-being, environmental attitudes, and commuting. In each building on-site physical measurements at a sample of workstations (N= 974) were taken, including: thermal conditions, air quality, acoustics, lighting, workstation size, ceiling height, window access and shading, and surface finishes. Green buildings exhibited superior performance compared with similar conventional buildings. Better outcomes included: environmental satisfaction, satisfaction with thermal conditions, satisfaction with the view to the outside, aesthetic appearance, less disturbance from heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) noise, workplace image, night-time sleep quality, mood, physical symptoms, and reduced number of airborne particulates. A variety of physical features led to improved occupant outcomes across all buildings, including: conditions associated with speech privacy, lower background noise levels, higher light levels, greater access to windows, conditions associated with thermal comfort, and fewer airborne particulates. Green building rating systems might benefit from further attention in several areas, including: credits related to acoustic performance, a greater focus on reducing airborne particulates, enhanced support for the interdisciplinary design process and development of POE protocols.}, isbn = {0961-3218}, author = {Newsham, GR. and Birt, BJ. and Arsenault, C. and Thompson, AJL. and Veitch, JA. and Mancini, S. and Galasiu, AD. and Gover, BN. and Macdonald, IA. and Burns, GJ.} } @article {106, title = {Do liberal home owners consume less electricity? A test of the voluntary restraint hypothesis}, journal = {Economics Letters}, volume = {119}, year = {2013}, pages = {210-212}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {electricity consumption}, author = {Costa, Dora L. and Kahn, Matthew E.} } @article {380, title = {Dynamic predictive clothing insulation models based on outdoor air and indoor operative temperatures}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {59}, year = {2013}, month = {Jan}, pages = {250-260}, abstract = {

Clothing affects people{\textquoteright}s perception of the thermal environment. Two dynamic predictive models of clothing insulation were developed based on 6333 selected observations of the 23,475 available in ASHRAE RP-884 and RP-921 databases. The observations were used to statistically analyze the influence of 20 variables on clothing insulation. The results show that the median clothing insulation is 0.59 do (0.50 do (n = 3384) in summer and 0.69 do (n = 2949) in winter). The median winter clothing insulation value is significantly smaller than the value suggested in the international standards (1.0 do). The California data (n = 2950) shows that occupants dress equally in naturally and mechanically conditioned buildings and all the data has female and male dressing with quite similar clothing insulation levels. Clothing insulation is correlated with outdoor air (r = 0.45) and indoor operative (r = 0.3) temperatures, and relative humidity (r = 0.26). An index to predict the presence of a dress code is developed. Two multivariable linear mixed models were developed. In the first one clothing is a function of outdoor air temperature measured at 6 o{\textquoteright}clock, and the second one adds the influence of indoor operative temperature. The models were able to predict 19 and 22\% of the total variance, respectively. Climate variables explain only a small part of human clothing behavior; nonetheless, the predictive models allow more precise thermal comfort calculation, energy simulation, HVAC sizing and building operation than previous practice of keeping the clothing insulation values equal to 0.5 in the cooling season and 1 in the heating season. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Schiavon, S. and Lee, KH.} } @article {376, title = {The effect of window shading design on occupant use of blinds and electric lighting}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {64}, year = {2013}, month = {Jun}, pages = {67-76}, abstract = {

Occupant use of interior shading devices is one of the most influential factors in the admission of daylight into the buildings. Based on a number of observations, occupants don{\textquoteright}t adjust shading devices frequently, and once lowered, the blinds are left in place for days or even weeks leading to reduced energy savings from daylight. Previous shade control behavior studies focus on environmental conditions such as transmitted vertical irradiance to predict the deployment of the shades; while there have been very few studies focusing on the factors that affect the raising of the interior shading devices by the occupants. This paper examines the effect of an interior lightshelf system on occupants{\textquoteright} use of blinds and electric lighting. The results suggest that in identical environmental conditions, occupants whose workstations were located within the lightshelf zone demonstrated a lower window occlusion than those who were located in the area with conventional windows. Additionally, occupants in the lightshelf zone used less electric lighting than those in regular window design area. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Sanati, L. and Utzinger, M.} } @proceedings {236, title = {Efficient illumination design and energy saving through occupancy control for building}, year = {2013}, month = {May 30 2013-June 1 2013}, pages = {80-85}, keywords = {APUTI, Asia Pacific University of Technology \&, building, Buildings, buildings (structures), color, economic development, efficient illumination, electric energy usage, Energy saving, fuel resources, illumination design, indexes, innovation, lighting, lighting design, maintenance engineering, occupancy control, photometric measurements, reflectivity, Renewable energy sources, standards}, author = {Lakshmanan, R. and Ramasamy, AK. and Ahmed, SK. and Sinnadurai, R.} } @article {303, title = {Energy intelligent buildings based on user activity: A survey}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {56}, year = {2013}, month = {1//}, pages = {244-257}, keywords = {Activity recognition, Building automation, Energy awareness}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Nguyen, TA. and Aiello, M.} } @article {40, title = {Exergy and energy analysis of a ground-source heat pump for~domestic water heating under simulated occupancy conditions}, journal = {International Journal of Refrigeration}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {1417-1430}, keywords = {Exergy, Geothermal, Ground-source, Heat pump, Renewable energy, Thermodynamics, Water heating}, isbn = {0140-7007}, author = {Ally, MR. and Munk, JD. and Baxter, VD. and Gehl, AC.} } @proceedings {61, title = {Experiences with occupancy based Building Management Systems}, year = {2013}, month = {2-5 April 2013}, pages = {153-158}, keywords = {AIR conditioning, appliance switching, building management systems, data collection, diverse deployment, dominant electricity consumption, electricity, Energy conservation, hidden Markov model, hidden Markov models, modular sensor node design, Ob-BMS, occupancy based building management systems, plug loads, power consumption, sensors, smarter actuation}, author = {Batra, N. and Arjunan, P. and Singh, A. and Singh, P.} } @article {450, title = {Factors affecting {\textquoteleft}end-of-day{\textquoteright} window position in a non-air-conditioned office building}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {62}, year = {2013}, pages = {87-96}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {end-of-day window position, non-air-conditioned building}, author = {Wei, S. and Buswell, R. and Loveday, D.} } @article {199, title = {A fresh look at weather impact on peak electricity demand and energy use of buildings using 30-year actual weather data}, journal = {Applied Energy}, volume = {111}, year = {2013}, month = {Nov}, pages = {333-350}, abstract = {Buildings consume more than one third of the world{\textquoteright}s total primary energy. Weather plays a unique and significant role as it directly affects the thermal loads and thus energy performance of buildings. The traditional simulated energy performance using Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data represents the building performance for a typical year, but not necessarily the average or typical long-term performance as buildings with different energy systems and designs respond differently to weather changes. Furthermore, the single-year TMY simulations do not provide a range of results that capture yearly variations due to changing weather, which is important for building energy management, and for performing risk assessments of energy efficiency investments. This paper employs large-scale building simulation (a total of 3162 runs) to study the weather impact on peak electricity demand and energy use with the 30-year (1980-2009) Actual Meteorological Year (AMY) weather data for three types of office buildings at two design efficiency levels, across all 17 ASHRAE climate zones. The simulated results using the AMY data are compared to those from the TMY3 data to determine and analyze the differences. Besides further demonstration, as done by other studies, that actual weather has a significant impact on both the peak electricity demand and energy use of buildings, the main findings from the current study include: (1) annual weather variation has a greater impact on the peak electricity demand than it does on energy use in buildings; (2) the simulated energy use using the TMY3 weather data is not necessarily representative of the average energy use over a long period, and the TMY3 results can be significantly higher or lower than those from the AMY data; (3) the weather impact is greater for buildings in colder climates than warmer climates; (4) the weather impact on the medium-sized office building was the greatest, followed by the large office and then the small office; and (5) simulated energy savings and peak demand reduction by energy conservation measures using the TMY3 weather data can be significantly underestimated or overestimated. It is crucial to run multi-decade simulations with AMY weather data to fully assess the impact of weather on the long-term performance of buildings, and to evaluate the energy savings potential of energy conservation measures for new and existing buildings from a life cycle perspective. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {0306-2619; 1872-9118}, author = {Hong, T. and Chang, W-K. and Lin, H-W.} } @proceedings {110, title = {A fusion architecture for tracking a group of people using a distributed sensor network}, year = {2013}, month = {9-12 July 2013}, pages = {1776-1783}, abstract = {This paper presents an architecture to fuse the information from different spatially distributed unattended ground sensors (UGSs) consisting of multiple modalities to track a group of people walking along trails in open areas. The UGS system we used consists of ultrasonic, seismic and passive infrared (PIR) sensors. Estimating the size of the group is done by counting the number of targets using ultrasonic sensors. Determining the composition of the group is done using several classifiers. The fusion is done at the UGS level to fuse information from all the modalities to determine the presence of a target(s) and the information from multiple UGS systems are fused to track a group. The algorithms are tested on data collected in the wilderness with three UGS systems separated 75 m apart on a trail.}, keywords = {Acoustics, basis vectors, classification, classifiers, decentralized fusion, distributed sensor network, distributed sensors, fusion architecture, Horses, information fusion, infrared detectors, Legged locomotion, matrix decomposition, matrix factorization, non-negative matrix factorization, passive infrared sensors, people tracking, Personnel detection, PIR sensors, Radar tracking, seismic infrared sensors, Sensor fusion, signal classification, spatially distributed unattended ground sensors, target tracking, tracking, UGS level, UGS system, ultrasonic infrared sensors, ultrasonic transducers, Vectors}, author = {Damarla, T. and Kaplan, LM.} } @article {509, title = {Gap theory based analysis of user expectation and satisfaction: The case of a hostel building}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {69}, year = {2013}, pages = {183-193}, doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.006}, author = {Lai, JHK.} } @article {205, title = {Heating patterns in English homes: Comparing results from a national survey against common model assumptions}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {70}, year = {2013}, pages = {298-305}, author = {Huebner, GM. and McMichael, M. and Shipworth, D. and Shipworth, M. and Durand-Daubin, M. and Summerfield, A.} } @article {91, title = {HVAC system operational strategies for reduced energy consumption in buildings with intermittent occupancy: The case of mosques}, journal = {Energy Conversion and Management}, volume = {73}, year = {2013}, month = {9//}, pages = {37-50}, keywords = {Energy conservation, Energy efficiency, HVAC operation, Intermittent occupancy, Mosques, Thermal zoning}, isbn = {0196-8904}, author = {Budaiwi, I. and Abdou, A.} } @article {118, title = {Impacts of occupant behaviours on residential heating consumption for detached houses in a temperature climate in the northern part of Europe.}, journal = {ENERG BUILDINGS }, volume = {57}, year = {2013}, pages = {313-323}, author = {de Meester, T. and Marique, A-F. and Herde, AD. and Reiter, S.} } @article {316, title = {Importance of occupancy information for building climate control}, journal = {Applied Energy}, volume = {101}, year = {2013}, month = {1//}, pages = {521-532}, keywords = {Building climate control, Energy efficiency, Model predictive control, Occupancy information}, isbn = {0306-2619}, author = {Oldewurtel, F. and Sturzenegger, D. and Morari, M.} } @article {372, title = {Incorporation of scheduling and adaptive historical data in the Sensor-Utility-Network method for occupancy estimation}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {61}, year = {2013}, month = {6//}, pages = {88-92}, keywords = {Adaptive historical data, occupancy estimation, prediction, Weighted schedule}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Ryan, T. and Vipperman, JS.} } @article {95, title = {Inducing [sub]conscious energy behaviour through visually displayed energy information: A case study in university accommodation}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {70}, year = {2013}, pages = {507-515}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, author = {Chiang, T. and Mevlevioglu, G. and Natarajan, S. and Padget, J. and Walker, I.} } @proceedings {204, title = {Information and Communications Technology based solutions in achieving building energy efficiency}, year = {2013}, month = {1-2 Aug. 2013}, pages = {49-54}, keywords = {building energy efficiency, Building simulation, building simulation tools, dynamic occupant behavior, energy consumption, Energy efficiency, heating, ventilation and air conditioning system, HVAC, information and communications technology, Occupant behavior, office environment, office space utilization rate, operational energy efficiency, power utilisation, real-time occupancy, real-time response, real-time systems, temperature measurement, temperature sensors}, author = {Huafen, H. and Jenks, G. and Yonghong, H. and Milencovic, M. and Hanebutte, U.} } @proceedings {452, title = {An interval based representation of occupancy information for driver assistance systems}, year = {2013}, month = {6-9 Oct. 2013}, pages = {21-27}, keywords = {2D interval map framework, ADAS, advanced driver assistance systems, collision avoidance, collision avoidance function, driver information systems, dynamic obstacles, Integrated circuits, interval based representation, longitudinal direction, model based object tracking, Noise, object tracking, occupancy grid, Occupancy information, sensors, vehicle local environment}, author = {Weiherer, T. and Bouzouraa, S. and Hofmann, U.} } @article {282, title = {An investigation of indoor air quality in UK energy efficient homes : A case study}, year = {2013}, author = {Mcgill, G.} } @proceedings {276, title = {Learning occupancy in single person offices with mixtures of multi-lag Markov Chains}, year = {2013}, month = {4-6 Nov. 2013}, pages = {151-158}, keywords = {behavioural sciences computing, building control, Buildings, hidden Markov models, learning (artificial intelligence), learning occupancy, Markov chains, Markov processes, multilag Markov chains, Occupancy prediction, occupant behaviour, Office buildings, PIR sensors, prediction algorithms, Predictive models, sensors, single occupant presence prediction, single person offices, Time series analysis}, isbn = {1082-3409}, author = {Manna, C. and Fay, D. and Brown, KN. and Wilson, N.} } @article {313, title = {Leveraging the analysis of parametric uncertainty for building energy model calibration}, journal = {Building Simulation}, volume = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {365-377}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Neill, Z. and Eisenhower, B.} } @proceedings {50, title = {Locating and monitoring tenants in PV based buildings}, year = {2013}, month = {20-23 Oct. 2013}, pages = {1112-1116}, keywords = {Buildings, energy consumption, IEEE 802.11 Standards, Location Based Services, Mobile handsets, Presses, PV Energy Efficient Buildings, Renewable energy sources, Wireless communication, Wireless Location Systems}, author = {Arrobe, D. and Martins, J. and Lima, C.} } @proceedings {161, title = {Long-term occupancy analysis using graph-based optimisation in thermal imagery}, year = {2013}, month = {23-28 June 2013}, pages = {3698-3705}, address = {Portland, OR}, keywords = {cameras, crowded scenes, detectors, graph theory, histograms, image sequence, image sequences, infrared imaging, local tracking, long-term occupancy analysis optimisation, natural scenes, object detection, object tracking, optimisation, optimization, outdoor scene, people counting, people detection, probabilistic graph search optimisation, probability, publically available dataset, search problems, sport, sports arenas, temperature sensors, thermal analysis, thermal imagery, weighted histogram}, isbn = {1063-6919}, author = {Gade, R. and Jorgensen, A. and Moeslund, TB.} } @proceedings {448, title = {Low-cost coarse airborne particulate matter sensing for indoor occupancy detection}, year = {2013}, month = {17-20 Aug. 2013}, pages = {32-37}, keywords = {Atmospheric modeling, Buildings, calibration, cameras, correlation, heavily-used office area, human activity, indoor occupancy detection, laboratory-grade instrument, low-cost coarse airborne particulate matter sensing, Monitoring, particle detectors, pedestrian corridor, resuspension, sensors, statistical methods, Visualization}, isbn = {2161-8070}, author = {Weekly, K. and Donghyun, R. and Lin, Z. and Bayen, AM. and Nazaroff, WW. and Spanos, CJ.} } @article {314, title = {Manually-operated window shade patterns in office buildings: A critical review}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {60}, year = {2013}, pages = {319-338}, isbn = {03601323}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, W. and Kapsis, K. and Athienitis, AK.} } @article {487, title = {Modeling thermal comfort holistically: Bayesian estimation of thermal sensation, acceptability, and preference distributions for office building occupants}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {69}, year = {2013}, chapter = {206-226}, author = {Langevin, J. and Wen, J. and Gurian, PL.} } @article {291, title = {Modelling the Effect of the Domestic Occupancy Profiles on Predicted Energy Demand of the Energy Efficient House}, journal = {Procedia Engineering}, volume = {57}, year = {2013}, pages = {798-807}, keywords = {comfort strategies, energy efficient house, occupancy profiles}, isbn = {1877-7058}, author = {Motuziene, V. and Vilutiene, T.} } @proceedings {286, title = {Occupancy grid mapping with Markov Chain Monte Carlo Gibbs sampling}, year = {2013}, month = {6-10 May 2013}, pages = {3183-3189}, keywords = {Bayes methods, computational efficiency, Computational modeling, equations, Markov chain Monte Carlo Gibbs sampling, Markov processes, Mathematical model, MCMC, mobile robots, Monte Carlo methods, occupancy grid mapping methods, occupancy probability, probability, Robot sensing systems, sampling methods, sensor measurement error, SLAM (robots), Uncertainty}, isbn = {1050-4729}, author = {Merali, RS. and Barfoot, TD.} } @article {397, title = {Occupancy mapping and surface reconstruction using local gaussian processes with kinect sensors}, journal = {Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions on}, volume = {43}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {1335-1346}, keywords = {Bayes methods, Bayesian nonparametric approach, coarse-to-fine clustering method, computational complexity, computational time, computer vision, continuous occupancy mapping, continuous occupancy maps, data visualisation, feature extraction, Gaussian processes, high-computational complexity, high-resolution RGB-D sensors, image colour analysis, image reconstruction, image representation, image sensors, iso-surface extraction, Kinect sensors, local Gaussian processes, map representations, marching cubes, mobile robot navigation, mobile robots, path planning, pattern clustering, RGB-D mapping, robot vision, robotics communities, sensors, SLAM (robots), surface reconstruction, Surface treatment, test data, Training, Training data, visual SLAM}, isbn = {2168-2267}, author = {Soohwan, K. and Jonghyuk, K.} } @article {387, title = {Occupancy prediction algorithms for thermostat control systems using mobile devices}, journal = {Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {1332-1340}, keywords = {arrival time prediction scheme, automatic just-in-time cooling system control, automatic just-in-time heating system control, automatic thermostat control systems, building management systems, computerised monitoring, energy savings, heating-ventilation-and-air conditioning systems, HVAC, HVAC systems, indoor spaces, mobile devices, mobile phones, mobility management (mobile radio), mobility prediction, occupancy detection, occupancy prediction algorithms, pattern classification, route classification, temperature control, thermostats, user mobility prediction}, isbn = {1949-3053}, author = {Seungwoo, L. and Yohan, C. and Yunjong, K. and Rhan, H. and Hojung, C.} } @article {169, title = {Occupancy-based zone-climate control for energy-efficient buildings: Complexity vs. performance}, journal = {Applied Energy}, volume = {106}, year = {2013}, month = {6//}, pages = {209-221}, keywords = {Building thermal dynamics, Energy-efficient buildings, Model predictive control, Occupancy-based zone-climate control}, isbn = {0306-2619}, author = {Goyal, S. and Ingley, HA. and Barooah, P.} } @article {252, title = {Occupancy-moderated zonal space-conditioning under a demand-driven electricity price}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {60}, year = {2013}, month = {5//}, pages = {453-463}, keywords = {home automation, Home electricity consumption, Pre-heating/cooling, Smart grid, Zonal space-conditioning}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Leow, WL. and Larson, RC. and Kirtley, JL.} } @article {201, title = {Occupant behavior: Impact on energy use of private offices}, number = {LBNL-6128E}, year = {2013}, author = {Hong, T. and Lin, H-W.}, editor = {Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report} } @article {438, title = {Occupant requirements in residential buildings: an empirical study and a theoretical model}, journal = {Advances in Building Energy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {35-50}, author = {Voelker, C. and Beckmann, J. and Koehlmann, S. and Kornadt, O.} } @conference {507, title = {Online Learning for Personalized Room-Level Thermal Control: A Multi-Armed Bandit Framework}, booktitle = {5th ACM Workshop On Embedded Sensing Systems For Energy-Efficiency In Buildings}, year = {2013}, month = {11/2013}, address = {Rome, Italy}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2528282.2528296 }, author = {Mansourifard, P. and Jazizadeh, F. and Krishnamachari, B. and Becerik-Gerber, B.} } @proceedings {384, title = {Optimal stochastic control for parking systems: occupancy-driven parking pricing}, year = {2013}, month = {10-13 Dec. 2013}, pages = {7771-7776}, keywords = {deterministic pricing schemes, dynamic programming, dynamic stabilized controller, environmental impact reduction, equations, information provision, occupancy-driven parking pricing, optimal control, optimal parking pricing, optimal stochastic control problem, parking congestion mitigation, parking demand management, parking sensors, parking systems, pricing, real-time systems, sensors, social cost reduction, Space exploration, stability, stochastic control problem, stochastic processes, stochastic systems, Time measurement, traffic control, traffic demand management, traffic mitigation}, isbn = {0743-1546}, author = {Sean, Q. and Rajagopal, R.} } @article {375, title = {Passive alternatives to mechanical air conditioning of building: A review}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {66}, year = {2013}, month = {Aug}, pages = {54-64}, abstract = {

Human comfort is gaining importance in the recent decades. Mechanical air conditioners are conventional means of creating thermal comfort but they are energy intensive and hence harmful to ecological system. Therefore passive cooling can be adopted as a viable alternative to conventional cooling system. This paper reviews various passive cooling options available such as nocturnal radiation, geothermal, ventilation, evaporative, hydrogeothermal, deep ocean/lake, thermal insulation and shading along with their advantages, limitations, working principles and climatic dependence. The mathematical equations used for computing the performance of passive cooling systems have been discussed along with design and environmental parameters influencing the systems{\textquoteright} performance. The usefulness of phase change materials, thermal mass and radiant cooling in passive cooling systems is also examined. Case studies containing experimental data and numerical predictions are discussed to provide options for building architects and infrastructure developers to adopt the appropriate passive cooling strategy. In addition, issues related to occupants{\textquoteright} health and indoor air quality are also explained. A brief review of energy-efficient and eco-friendly solar cooling systems is also included. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Samuel, DGL. and Nagendra, SMS. and Maiya, MP.} } @conference {415, title = {Quantifying the impact of occupant behavior in mixed mode buildings}, booktitle = {ASCE 2013}, year = {2013}, author = {Tanner, RA. and Henze, GP.} } @proceedings {140, title = {Real-time building occupancy sensing using neural-network based sensor network}, year = {2013}, month = {24-26 July 2013}, pages = {114-119}, keywords = {accuracy, adaptive sensing network, artificial intelligence, building, Energy efficiency, energy savings, features, genetic based search, heating ventilation and air-conditioning systems, HVAC, HVAC systems, improved comfort control, neural nets, neural-network based sensor network, non intrusive sensor network, occupancy, occupancy detection, optimal sensor combination, Predictive models, real-time building occupancy sensing, sensors, temperature measurement, temperature sensors}, isbn = {2150-4938}, author = {Ekwevugbe, T. and Brown, N. and Pakka, V. and Fan, D.} } @article {366, title = {Reducing a solar-assisted air-conditioning system{\textquoteright}s energy consumption by applying real-time occupancy sensors and chilled water storage tanks throughout the summer: A case study}, journal = {Energy Conversion and Management}, volume = {76}, year = {2013}, month = {12//}, pages = {1029-1042}, keywords = {Chilled water storage, Real-time occupancy detection, Smart building, Solar-assisted air-conditioning system}, isbn = {0196-8904}, author = {Rosiek, S. and Batlles, FJ.} } @article {135, title = {Revealing occupancy patterns in an office building through the use of occupancy sensor data}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {67}, year = {2013}, note = {267JN
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:40}, month = {Dec}, pages = {587-595}, abstract = {

Energy simulation programs like DOE-2 and EnergyPlus are tools that have been proven to aid with energy calculations to predict energy use in buildings. Some inputs to energy simulation models are relatively easy to find, including building size, orientation, construction materials, and HVAC system size and type. Others vary with time (e.g. weather and occupancy) and some can be a challenge to estimate in order to create an accurate simulation. In this paper, the analysis of occupancy sensor data for a large commercial, multi-tenant office building is presented. It details occupancy diversity factors for private offices and summarizes the same for open offices, hallways, conference rooms, break rooms, and restrooms in order to better inform energy simulation parameters. Long-term data were collected allowing results to be presented to show variations of occupancy diversity factors in private offices for time of day, day of the week, holidays, and month of the year. The diversity factors presented differ as much as 46\% from those currently published in ASHRAE 90.1 2004 energy cost method guidelines, a document referenced by energy modelers regarding occupancy diversity factors for simulations. This may result in misleading simulation results and may introduce inefficiencies in the final equipment and systems design. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {behavior, Data mining, demand-controlled ventilation, energy simulation, Occupancy patterns, office building, simulation, strategy, systems}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Duarte, C. and Van den Wymelenberg, K. and Rieger, C.} } @proceedings {42, title = {Road occupancy prediction of traffic participants}, year = {2013}, month = {6-9 Oct. 2013}, pages = {99-105}, keywords = {Acceleration, collision avoidance, collision avoidance systems, Computational modeling, emergency management, emergency maneuvers, occupancy computation, occupancy sets, road traffic, Roads, traffic participant road occupancy prediction, Trajectory, Vehicle dynamics, Vehicles}, author = {Althoff, M. and Hess, D. and Gambert, F.} } @proceedings {398, title = {Roomzoner: Occupancy-based room-level zoning of a centralized HVAC system}, year = {2013}, month = {8-11 April 2013}, pages = {209-218}, keywords = {Building Energy, Cyber, centralized HVAC system, commercial off-the-shelf component, COTS component, CPS, cyber-physical system, Ducts, embedded processor, Energy, Energy conservation, Energy saving, environment, Hardware, Heating, heating-ventilation-and-air conditioning, high-resolution sensing, Home Monitoring, HVAC, indoor climate, intelligent control, low-power radios, occupancy-based room-level zoning, Physical Systems, Programmable Thermostats, residential HVAC system, room occupancy, room-level conditioning, RoomZoner, Sensing, Sensor systems, temperature sensors, thermostats, Wireless Sensor Networks}, author = {Sookoor, T. and Whitehouse, K.} } @proceedings {463, title = {Scenario-based MPC for energy-efficient building climate control under weather and occupancy uncertainty}, year = {2013}, month = {17-19 July 2013}, pages = {1029-1034}, keywords = {Additives, building energy consumption, building management systems, Buildings, control performance, Data models, Energy conservation, energy management systems, energy saving potential, energy-efficient building climate control, heating ventilation and air conditioning system, HVAC, HVAC system, Occupancy prediction, occupancy uncertainty, prediction uncertainty, predictive control, probabilistic disturbance model, randomized model predictive control, RMPC-SR, saturation limit, standards, Uncertainty, uncertainty handling, uncertainty scenarios, weather forecasting, weather prediction, weather uncertainty}, author = {Xiaojing, Z. and Schildbach, G. and Sturzenegger, D. and Morari, M.} } @article {71, title = {Sensitivity analysis of the effect of occupant behaviour on the energy consumption of passive house dwellings.}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {66}, year = {2013}, pages = {183-192}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, author = {Blight, TS. and Coley, DA.} } @article {224, title = {Should it be automatic or manual-The occupant{\textquoteright}s perspective on the design of domestic control systems.}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {65}, year = {2013}, pages = {119-126}, author = {Karjalainen, S.} } @article {422, title = {The significance of occupancy steadiness in residential consumer response to Time-of-Use pricing: Evidence from a stochastic adjustment model}, journal = {Utilities Policy}, volume = {27}, year = {2013}, month = {12//}, pages = {49-56}, keywords = {demand side management, Price elasticity, Residential electricity consumption, Time-of-Use}, isbn = {0957-1787}, author = {Torriti, J.} } @article {227, title = {Simulating the dynamics of occupant behavior for power management in residential buildings.}, journal = {ENERG BUILDINGS }, volume = {56}, year = {2013}, pages = {85-93}, author = {Kashif, A. and Ploix, S. and Dugdale, J. and Le, XHB.} } @article {157, title = {Sizing the potential of behavioral energy-efficiency initiative in the US residential market}, year = {2013}, institution = {McKinsey \& Company}, author = {Frankel, D. and Heck, S. and Tai, H.} } @article {164, title = {Targeting {\textquoteleft}behavers{\textquoteright} rather than behaviours: A {\textquoteleft}subject-oriented{\textquoteright} approach for reducing space heating rebound effects in low energy dwellings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {67}, year = {2013}, pages = {596-607}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, author = {Galvin, R.} } @article {501, title = {A Thermal Preference Scale for Personalized Comfort Profile Identification via Participatory Sensing}, journal = {Journal of Building and Environment}, volume = {68}, year = {2013}, pages = {140-149}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.06.011 }, author = {Jazizadeh, F. and Marin, MF. and Becerik-Gerber, B.} } @proceedings {217, title = {Toward an energy-proportional building prospect: Evaluation and analysis of the energy consumption in a green building testbed}, year = {2013}, month = {21-23 May 2013}, pages = {1-6}, keywords = {air pollution control, Buildings, buildings (structures), carbon compounds, carbon dioxide emissions, cooling, correlation, Energy conservation, energy consumption, energy Modeling, energy-Proportional Building, energy-proportional building design, green building testbed, green buildings, heating ventilation air-conditioning and cooling, humidity, HVAC, HVAC systems, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED-gold-certified green office building, resistance heating, smart Energy, United States}, author = {Jianli, P. and Jain, R. and Biswas, P. and Weining, W. and Addepalli, S. and Paul, S.} } @proceedings {445, title = {Whole building operation optimal control system based on an occupancy sensor network}, year = {2013}, month = {26-28 July 2013}, pages = {6439-6444}, keywords = {Adaptive dynamic programming, adaptive dynamic programming algorithm, building electromechanical facility, Building energy conservation, building energy efficiency, building energy management system, building facility Internet of Things, building management systems, Buildings, cameras, CO2 concentration sensors, complex systems, data analysis, data analysis tool, dynamic programming, electromechanical systems, Energy conservation, energy management systems, hidden Markov models, human comfort, hybrid occupancy detection sensor network, information fusion model, integrated optimal control method, Internet of things, neural nets, neural networks, Neurons, occupancy detection, optimal control, passive infrared sensors, power consumption, RFID sensors, Sensor fusion, sensor technology, sensor-mapping spiking neural networks, Spiking neural network, whole building operation optimal control system, Wireless Sensor Networks}, author = {Wang, M. and Zhang, G. and Li, C.} } @article {44, title = {Window opening behaviour modelled from measurements in Danish dwellings.}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {69}, number = {101-113}, year = {2013}, author = {Andersen, R. and Fabi, V. and Toftum, J. and Corgnati, SP. and Olesen, BW.} } @article {37, title = {Window signalling systems: control strategies and
occupant behaviour.}, journal = {Building Research \& InformationBuilding Research \& Information}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {37-41}, chapter = {342-360}, keywords = {adaptive behaviour, agency, feedback, mixed-mode, natural ventilation, occupant satisfaction, personal}, author = {Ackerly, K. and Brager, G.} } @proceedings {477, title = {A wireless sensor network for energy efficiency in an educational environment}, year = {2013}, month = {13-17 May 2013}, pages = {107-112}, keywords = {Buildings, educational environment, electricity, electricity consumption, Energy conservation, energy consumption, Energy efficiency, measurement and analysis, temperature measurements}, author = {Zarabzadeh, A. and Schoofs, A. and Benia, RV. and Sintoni, A. and Ruzzelli, A.} } @conference {326, title = {Accuracy of the Home Energy Saver Energy Calculation Methodology. }, booktitle = {ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings}, year = {2012}, author = {Parker, D. and Mills, E. and Rainer, L. and Bourassa, N. and Homan, G.} } @article {213, title = {The {\textquoteright}adaptive zone{\textquoteright} - A concept for assessing discomfort glare throughout daylit spaces}, journal = {Lighting Research \& Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {Jun}, pages = {149-170}, abstract = {Discomfort glare is an underutilized parameter in contemporary architectural design due to uncertainties about the meaning of existing metrics, how they should be applied and what the benefits of such analysis are. Glare is position and view direction-dependent within a space, rendering it difficult to assess compared to conventional illuminance-based metrics. This paper compares simulation results for five glare metrics under 144 clear sky conditions in three spaces in order to investigate the ability of these metrics to predict the occurrence of discomfort glare and to hence support the design of comfortable spaces. The metrics analyzed are Daylight Glare Index, CIE Glare Index, Visual Comfort Probability, Unified Glare Rating and Daylight Glare Probability. It is found that Daylight Glare Probability yields the most plausible results. In an attempt to deal with multiple positions and view directions simultaneously, the concept of an {\textquoteright}adaptive zone{\textquoteright} is introduced within which building occupants may freely adjust their position and view in order to minimise the effect of glare. The spatial and directional extents of the adaptive zone depend on furniture layout and the freedom of occupants{\textquoteright} tasks. It is found that applying the adaptive zone concept to a sidelit office with manually operated venetian blinds reduces the predicted hours of intolerable discomfort glare from 735 to 18 occupied hours per year and increases the annual mean daylight availability from 40\% to 72\%.}, isbn = {1477-1535}, author = {Jakubiec, JA. and Reinhart, CF.} } @article {407, title = {Characteristics of user redesign process: A study of changes made by users in architect-designed housing}, journal = {Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {496-503}, isbn = {1934-7359}, author = {Suleman, NE.} } @article {518, title = {A Comprehensive Analysis of the Impact of Occupancy Parameters in Energy Simulation of Commercial Buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings {\textendash} Special Issue: Cool Roofs, Cool Pavements, Cool Cities, and Cool World}, volume = {55}, year = {2012}, pages = {841-853}, author = {Azar, E. and Menassa, C.} } @article {494, title = {Coordinating Occupant Behavior for Building and Comfort Management Using Multi-Agent Systems}, journal = {Journal of Automation in Construction}, volume = {22}, year = {2012}, pages = {515-536}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2011.11.012}, author = {Klein, L. and Kwak, J. and Kavulya, G. and Jazizadeh, F. and Becerik-Gerber, B. and Varakantham, P. and Tambe, M.} } @article {261, title = {Energy behaviours as promoters of energy efficiency: A 21st century review}, journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews}, volume = {16}, year = {2012}, pages = {4095-4104}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Lopes, MAR. and Antunes, CH. and Martins, N.} } @article {481, title = {Factors influencing occupants{\textquoteright} blind-control behaviour in a naturally ventilated office building}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {54}, year = {2012}, month = {Aug}, pages = {137-147}, abstract = {

An empirical study was carried out from Jan/05 to Apr/06 in a high-rise office building to reveal blind operation patterns and to investigate the variables driving blind usage. The positions of internal Venetian blinds of every facade were recorded on a daily basis. A subsidiary questionnaire survey was also carried out to understand the occupant{\textquoteright}s sensation and experience of their built environment. This paper reviews and extends current knowledge of the motivating forces involved by analysing actual blind occlusion against some potentially influential factors. The study reported aims to fill gaps in previous studies by addressing: an office building in its entirety (not just the offices towards a specific orientation), assessing larger offices as is typical (not single occupancy) and studying the building over a period of 16 months (not just several weeks or months). The work demonstrates the importance of solar altitude and solar radiation as the principal determinants of blind use. The seasonal effect is also very significant, when taking building orientation into consideration. The variation of the occlusion is located separately in a notable way according to how long the rooms are exposed to sunlight. Occupants{\textquoteright} preferences for blind position are based on a long-term perception of sunlight and the built environment they are accustomed to. The study uses the logit analysis to predict the probability of blind lowering and raising actions: when solar radiation rises above 150 W/m(2), more blinds will be raised up than pulled down. Also, insights are reported about different behaviour patterns in non-office spaces within the building. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Zhang, Y. and Barrett, P.} } @proceedings {441, title = {A green autonomous self-sustaining sensor node for counting people in office environments}, year = {2012}, pages = {203-207}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {1467345954}, author = {Wahl, F. and Milenkovic, M. and Amft, O.} } @article {68, title = {Greening Work Styles: An analysis of energy behavior programs in the workplace. }, year = {2012}, author = {Bin, S.}, editor = {International Journal of Sustainable Energy.} } @article {74, title = {Home energy consumption feedback: A user survey}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {47}, year = {2012}, pages = {383-393}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, isbn = {0110907191}, author = {Bonino, D. and Corno, F. and De Russis, L.} } @conference {283, title = {How people actually use thermostats}, booktitle = {In: ACEEE summer study on energy efficiency, Pacific Grove, CA}, year = {2012}, author = {Meier, A. and Aragon, C. and Hurwitz, B. and Mujumda, D. and Peffer, T. and Perry, D.} } @article {489, title = {Impact of climate change on comfort and energy performance in offices}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {57}, year = {2012}, pages = {349-361}, author = {Roetzel, A. and Tsangrassoulis, A.} } @article {480, title = {Information-theoretic environment features selection for occupancy detection in open office spaces}, journal = {Building Simulation}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {179-188}, isbn = {1996-3599}, author = {Zhang, R. and Lam, KP. and Chiou, Y-S. and Dong, B.} } @article {373, title = {Measured end-use electric load profiles for 12 Canadian houses at high temporal resolution}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {49}, year = {2012}, month = {Jun}, pages = {519-530}, abstract = {

The electricity drawn by appliances and lighting represents a significant fraction of the total energy used in residential buildings. As construction techniques improve and as building regulations become more stringent, it is expected that the relative significance of these non-HVAC electrical loads will grow. Not only is the annual energy consumption of non-HVAC electrical loads of growing importance, their temporal distribution influences the operation of energy conversion equipment within the building and in the electrical supply network. This work provides new measured data on the electrical consumption of a sample of 12 Canadian houses. Measurements at 1-min intervals were taken of whole-house electricity draws, as well as the draws of individual devices, including the furnace, air-conditioner, range/cooker, clothes dryer, dishwasher, and domestic hot water heater. The annual consumption patterns of the 12 houses were found to range widely. Furthermore, daily variations in the temporal distribution of electrical loads of each house were found to be significant. The probability distribution of some of the measured data was compared with previously developed synthetically derived non-HVAC electric load profiles, and it was found that the latter do not adequately capture either the temporal variability nor the variation between households observed in the measurements. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Saldanha, N. and Beausoleil-Morrison, I.} } @article {495, title = {Measuring and Monitoring Occupancy with an RFID Based System for Demand-Driven HVAC Operations}, journal = {Journal of Automation in Construction}, volume = {24}, year = {2012}, pages = {89-99}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2012.02.013}, author = {Li, N. and Calis, G. and Becerik-Gerber, B.} } @article {209, title = {Occupant perceptions of an indoor thermal environment in a naturally ventilated building}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {118}, year = {2012}, author = {Ilyas, S. and Emery, A. and Heerwagen, J. and Heerwegen, D.} } @article {231, title = {Occupant satisfaction with new low-energy houses}, year = {2012}, keywords = {energy performance, indoor climate, indoor environment, questionnaire survey, regulation}, author = {Knudsen, HN. and Jensen, OM. and Kristensen, L.} } @article {147, title = {Occupants{\textquoteright} window opening behaviour: A literature review of factors influencing occupant behaviour and models}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {58}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec}, pages = {188-198}, abstract = {

Energy consumption in buildings is influenced by several factors related to the building properties and the building controls, some of them highly connected to the behaviour of their occupants. In this paper, a definition of items referring to occupant behaviour related to the building control systems is proposed, based on studies presented in literature and a general process leading to the effects on energy consumptions is identified. Existing studies on the topic of window opening behaviour are highlighted and a theoretical framework to deal with occupants{\textquoteright} interactions with building controls, aimed at improving or maintaining the preferred indoor environmental conditions, is elaborated. This approach is used to look into the drivers for the actions taken by the occupants (windows opening and closing) and to investigate the existing models in literature of these actions for both residential and office buildings. The analysis of the literature highlights how a shared approach on identifying the driving forces for occupants{\textquoteright} window opening and closing behaviour has not yet been reached. However, the reporting of variables found not to be drivers may reveal contradictions in the obtained results and may be a significant tool to help direct future research. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Fabi, V. and Andersen, RV. and Corgnati, S. and Olesen, BW.} } @article {432, title = {Patterns of occupant interaction with window blinds: A literature review}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {51}, year = {2012}, pages = {165-176}, author = {Van den Wymelenberg, K.} } @article {93, title = {Persuasive feedback model for inducing energy conservation behaviors of building users based on interaction with a virtual object}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {45}, year = {2012}, pages = {106-115}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, author = {Chen, H-M. and Lin, C-W. and Hsieh, S-H. and Chao, H-F. and Chen, C-S. and Shiu, R-S. and Ye, S-R. and Deng, Y-C.} } @article {251, title = {Post-occupancy evaluation and experimental feedback of a net zero-energy building in a tropical climate}, journal = {Architectural Science Review}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {Si}, month = {2012}, pages = {156-168}, abstract = {Located in the French tropical Island of La Reunion in the Indian Ocean, the ENERPOS building was inaugurated in January 2009. The building is located in the Saint Pierre Campus of the University of Reunion Island. It was designed to be a net zero-energy building with mixed-mode air-conditioning systems in some areas (natural ventilation, ceiling fans, air conditioning) and efficient passive solutions sets usually used in tropical areas - i.e. efficient solar protection coupled with cross natural ventilation. This article reports the results of a recent user survey of the staff and students who use the building, and relates the users{\textquoteright} perceptions to some of the environmental control systems installed. Indications are that the users have been able to achieve thermally comfortable conditions for much of the year without recourse to the air-conditioning systems. However, there is still the need for more readily available information on how to get the best from the windows and the ceiling fan systems for the ever-changing groups of students, and staff who may only use the classrooms intermittently. For the more permanent staff group, preliminary indications are of improved health and productivity by comparison with their experience of other buildings.}, isbn = {0003-8628}, author = {Lenoir, A. and Baird, G. and Garde, F.} } @article {184, title = {A probabilistic model to predict building occupants{\textquoteright} diversity towards their interactions with the building envelope }, year = {2012}, pages = {1475-1482}, author = {Haldi, F.} } @article {159, title = {Quantitative relationships between occupant satisfaction and satisfaction aspects of indoor environmental quality and building design}, journal = {Indoor Air}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {Apr}, pages = {119-131}, abstract = {The article examines which subjectively evaluated indoor environmental parameters and building features mostly affect occupants{\textquoteright} satisfaction in mainly US office buildings. The study analyzed data from a web-based survey administered to 52 980 occupants in 351 office buildings over 10 years by the Center for the Built Environment. The survey uses 7-point ordered scale questions pertaining to satisfaction with indoor environmental parameters, work-space, and building features. The average building occupant was satisfied with his/her workspace and building. Proportional odds ordinal logistic regression shows that satisfaction with all 15 parameters listed in the survey contributed significantly to overall workspace satisfaction. The most important parameters were satisfaction with amount of space (odds ratio OR 1.57, 95\% CI: 1.55-1.59), noise level (OR 1.27, 95\% CI: 1.25-1.29), and visual privacy (OR 1.26, 95\% CI: 1.24-1.28). Satisfaction with amount of space was ranked to be most important for workspace satisfaction, regardless of age group (below 30, 31-50 or over 50 years old), gender, type of office (single or shared offices, or cubicles), distance of workspace from a window (within 4.6 m or further), or satisfaction level with workspace (satisfied or dissatisfied). Satisfaction with amount of space was not related to the gross amount of space available per person.}, isbn = {0905-6947}, author = {Frontczak, M. and Schiavon, S. and Goins, J. and Arens, E. and Zhang, H. and Wargocki, P.} } @article {436, title = {Stochastic models for building energy prediction based on occupant behavior assessment}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {53}, year = {2012}, pages = {183-193}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, author = {Virote, J. and Neves-Silva, R.} } @conference {506, title = {Toward Adaptive Comfort Management in Office Buildings Using Participatory Sensing for End User Driven Control of Building Systems}, booktitle = {4th ACM Workshop On Embedded Sensing Systems For Energy-Efficiency In Buildings}, year = {2012}, month = {November 6, 2012}, address = {Toronto, Canada}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2422531.2422533}, author = {Jazizadeh, F. and Becerik-Gerber, B.} } @article {116, title = {Understanding controls, behaviors and satisfaction in the daylit perimeter office: A daylight design case study}, journal = {Journal of Interior Design}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Mar}, pages = {17-34}, abstract = {Daylight has the potential to positively impact occupants and reduce energy consumption in buildings if utilized correctly (Edwards \& Torcellini, 2002). However, unintended negative outcomes can arise from unsuccessful daylighting schemes. Common issues, such as glare and heat gain, are important architectural considerations in design of the building envelope, but less studied are corresponding interior design considerations (such as furniture layout and access to controls) and associated occupant interactions and appraisals. The purpose of the current study is to expose some of the key issues related to the occupant use of daylight and daylight control in perimeter offices, to discuss the contributing design process factors, and to suggest possible improvements to the design process including an increased role for interior designers. The research methodology followed a case study approach and included post-occupancy evaluation (POE) questionnaires, interviews, and observations of a single higher education building with intentionally daylit perimeter offices. We discovered that the building in question was passed between three separate design teams throughout the design process, which may have contributed to the lack of integration between the architectural daylight design and the interior furniture and daylighting control fit-out. More than 50\% of total respondents (n = 35) reported obstructed blind controls due to poor furniture design and layout. Of these, nearly 60\% of occupants modified their office environment to gain access to blind controls. Ultimately, findings of this study demonstrate the importance of an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to daylighting design, one that considers both the specific building context and the human response.}, isbn = {1071-7641}, author = {Day, J. and Theodorson, J. and Van den Wymelenberg, K.} } @article {381, title = {Verification of stochastic models of window opening behaviour for residential buildings}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, volume = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {55-74}, author = {Schweiker, M. and Haldi, F. and Shukuya, M. and Robinson, D.} } @article {52, title = {Agent-based modeling of occupants and their impact on energy use in commercial buildings.}, journal = {Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {506-518}, isbn = {0887-3801}, author = {Azar, E. and Menassa, CC.} } @article {130, title = {Building energy and comfort management through occupant behaviour pattern detection based on a large-scale environmental sensor network}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {359-369}, isbn = {1940-1493}, author = {Dong, B. and Lam, KP.} } @article {214, title = {Buildings don{\textquoteright}t use energy: people do}, journal = {Architectural Science Review}, volume = {54}, number = {15-22}, year = {2011}, author = {Janda, KB.} } @article {72, title = {Comfort of workers in office buildings: The European HOPE project}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {Jan}, pages = {280-288}, abstract = {

Previous studies have shown that building, social and personal factors can influence one{\textquoteright}s perceived health and comfort. The aim of the underlying study was to get a better understanding of the relationships between these factors and perceived comfort. Self-administered questionnaires from 5732 respondents in 59 office buildings and building-specific data from the European Health Optimisation Protocol for Energy-efficient buildings (HOPE) study were used. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), reliability analyses, and linear regression analysis were performed. The outcome showed that perceived comfort is strongly influenced by several personal, social and building factors and that their relationships are complex. Results showed that perceived comfort is much more than the average of perceived indoor air quality, noise, lighting and thermal comfort responses. Perceived comfort is a phenomenon that deserves more research. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Bluyssen, PM. and Aries, M. and Van Dommelen, P.} } @article {490, title = {Context dependency of comfort and energy performance in mixed mode offices}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation, Special Issue: Modelling Occupants{\textquoteright} Presence and Behaviour {\textendash} Part }, volume = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {303-322}, author = {Roetzel, A. and Tsangrassoulis, A. and Dietrich, U. and Busching, S.} } @article {327, title = {Coupling of dynamic building simulation with stochastic modelling of occupant behaviour in offices - a review-based integrated methodology}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, volume = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {339-358}, author = {Parys, W. and Saelens, D. and Hens, H.} } @article {351, title = {The daylighting dashboard - A simulation-based design analysis for daylit spaces}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {Feb}, pages = {386-396}, abstract = {

This paper presents a vision of how state-of-the-art computer-based analysis techniques can be effectively used during the design of daylit spaces. Following a review of recent advances in dynamic daylight computation capabilities, climate-based daylighting metrics, occupant behavior and glare analysis, a fully integrated design analysis method is introduced that simultaneously considers annual daylight availability, visual comfort and energy use: Annual daylight glare probability profiles are combined with an occupant behavior model in order to determine annual shading profiles and visual comfort conditions throughout a space. The shading profiles are then used to calculate daylight autonomy plots, energy loads, operational energy costs and green house gas emissions. The paper then shows how simulation results for a sidelit space can be visually presented to simulation non-experts using the concept of a daylighting dashboard. The paper ends with a discussion of how the daylighting dashboard could be practically implemented using technologies that are available today. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Reinhart, CF. and Wienold, J.} } @proceedings {143, title = {Definition of occupant behaviour patterns with respect to ventilation by means of multivariate statistical techniques}, year = {2011}, address = {Brussels, Belgium}, author = {Encinas Pino, F. and Sanchez de la Flor, FJ. and De Herde, A.} } @article {171, title = {Households{\textquoteright} energy use - Which is the more important: efficient technologies or user practices?}, year = {2011}, pages = {992-999}, keywords = {consumption, Energy efficiency, households, user practices}, author = {Gram-Hanssen, K.} } @article {332, title = {How people use thermostats in homes: A review}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {46}, year = {2011}, pages = {2529-2541}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Peffer, T. and Pritoni, M. and Meier, A. and Aragon, C. and Perry, D.} } @conference {266, title = {The human dimension of building performance simulation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Building Simulation 2011}, year = {2011}, address = {12th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association, Sydney, 14-16 November.}, author = {Mahdavi, A.} } @article {190, title = {The impact of occupants{\textquoteright} behaviour on building energy demand}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, note = {Si
1}, month = {2011}, pages = {323-338}, abstract = {Using extensive field survey data acquired over the past 8 years at the Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory at EPFL in Switzerland, comprehensive models of occupants{\textquoteright} presence, opening and closing of windows and the raising and lowering of blinds have been developed. These new models have been integrated within a new urban energy modelling tool, called CitySim. In this article, we describe briefly the structure of CitySim together with the means for representing occupants{\textquoteright} presence and behaviour, both deterministic and stochastic. For a hypothetical scenario, we then go on to present results from simulations of the impact that occupants{\textquoteright} behaviour may have on the indoor environment in buildings as well as on buildings{\textquoteright} energy demands. From this we conclude that occupants{\textquoteright} behaviour has a significant impact (of the order of a factor of two) on buildings{\textquoteright} energy demands and that individuals{\textquoteright} diversity has a yet greater impact.}, isbn = {1940-1493}, author = {Haldi, F. and Robinson, D.} } @article {121, title = {The impact of sub-metering on condominium electricity demand}, journal = {Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, month = {Dec}, pages = {435-457}, abstract = {With a substantial fraction of the population insulated from energy price signals in bulk-metered apartment and condominium buildings, some jurisdictions are exploring mandatory metering of individual suites to encourage electricity conservation. This study finds that sub-metering in a Toronto condominium building reduces electricity usage by 20 percent. However, the costs of metering and customer service largely offset the electricity cost savings, and so the private net benefits are small or negative. The social net benefits depend strongly on the value assigned to externalities from generation. Social net benefits in our baseline results are closer to 5 percent than to 20 percent, and could be negative in many buildings.}, isbn = {0317-0861}, author = {Dewees, D. and Tombe, T.} } @conference {132, title = {Integrated building control based on occupant behavior pattern detection and local weather forecasting.}, booktitle = {Twelfth International IBPSA Conference}, year = {2011}, pages = {14-17}, address = {Sydney, Australia}, author = {Dong, B. and Lam, KP. and Neuman, C.} } @article {383, title = {Investigation on the effectiveness of various methods of information dissemination aiming at a change of occupant behaviour related to thermal comfort and exergy consumption}, journal = {Energy Policy}, volume = {39}, year = {2011}, pages = {395-407}, publisher = {Elsevier}, keywords = {Exergy consumption, Information dissemination, occupant behaviour}, author = {Schweiker, M. and Shukuya, M.} } @article {167, title = {Measured energy and water performance of an aspiring low energy/carbon affordable housing site in the UK}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {43}, year = {2011}, pages = {117-125}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, author = {Gill, ZM. and Tierney, MJ. and Pegg, IM. and Allan, N.} } @article {447, title = {Measurements of the Ventilation of Dwellings }, volume = {40}, year = {2011}, pages = {125-153}, author = {Warner, ACG. and Warner, BYCG.} } @article {64, title = {Modeling ventilation rates in bedrooms based on building characteristics and occupant behavior}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {46}, year = {2011}, pages = {2230-2237}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Bek{\"o}, G. and Toftum, J. and Clausen, G.} } @article {70, title = {Modelling occupant behaviour in low energy buildings: Bridging the energy gap }, journal = {Paper delivered at {\textquotedblleft}Buildings Don"t Use Energy, People Do{\textquotedblright} {\textendash} Domestic Energy Use and CO2 Emissions in Existing Dwellings, Bath, UK - 28 June 2011Paper delivered at {\textquotedblleft}Buildings Don"t Use Energy, People Do{\textquotedblright} {\textendash} Domestic Energy Use and CO2 Emiss}, year = {2011}, pages = {56-66}, keywords = {modelling, occupant behaviour, passivhaus, simulation}, author = {Blight, T. and Coley, DA.} } @article {189, title = {Modelling occupants{\textquoteright} personal characteristics for thermal comfort prediction}, journal = {International Journal of Biometeorology}, volume = {55}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {Sep}, pages = {681-694}, abstract = {Based on results from a field survey campaign conducted in Switzerand, we show that occupants{\textquoteright} variations in clothing choices, which are relatively unconstrained, are best described by the daily mean outdoor temperature and that major clothing adjustments occur rarely during the day. We then develop an ordinal logistic model of the probability distribution of discretised clothing levels, which results in a concise and informative expression of occupants{\textquoteright} clothing choices. Results from both cross-validation and independent verification suggest that this model formulation may be used with confidence. Furthermore, the form of the model is readily generalisable, given the requisite calibration data, to environments where dress codes are more specific. We also observe that, for these building occupants, the prevailing metabolic activity levels are mostly constant for the whole range of surveyed environmental conditions, as their activities are relatively constrained by the tasks in hand. Occupants may compensate for this constraint, however, through the consumption of cold and hot drinks, with corresponding impacts on metabolic heat production. Indeed, cold drink consumption was found to be highly correlated with indoor thermal conditions, whilst hot drink consumption is best described by a seasonal variable. These variables can be used for predictive purposes using binary logistic models.}, isbn = {0020-7128}, author = {Haldi, F. and Robinson, D.} } @article {134, title = {New ways of working: Linking energy consumption to people}, journal = {REHVA Journal}, year = {2011}, pages = {39-44}, keywords = {behaviour change, low energy lifestyle, occupancy measurement}, author = {Dooley, K.} } @article {443, title = {A novel approach for building occupancy simulation}, journal = {Building Simulation}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {Jun}, pages = {149-167}, abstract = {Building occupancy is an important basic factor in building energy simulation but it is hard to represent due to its temporal and spatial stochastic nature. This paper presents a novel approach for building occupancy simulation based on the Markov chain. In this study, occupancy is handled as the straightforward result of occupant movement processes which occur among the spaces inside and outside a building. By using the Markov chain method to simulate this stochastic movement process, the model can generate the location for each occupant and the zone-level occupancy for the whole building. There is no explicit or implicit constraint to the number of occupants and the number of zones in the model while maintaining a simple and clear set of input parameters. From the case study of an office building, it can be seen that the model can produce realistic occupancy variations in the office building for a typical workday with key statistical properties of occupancy such as the time of morning arrival and night departure, lunch time, periods of intermediate walking-around, etc. Due to simplicity, accuracy and unrestraint, this model is sufficient and practical to simulate occupancy for building energy simulations and stochastic analysis of building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.}, isbn = {1996-3599}, author = {Wang, C. and Yan, D. and Jiang, Y.} } @article {59, title = {Parameter identification and model based predictive control of temperature inside a house}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {43}, year = {2011}, pages = {748-758}, keywords = {building management systems}, author = {B{\u a}lan, R. and Cooper, J. and Chao, K-M. and Stan, S. and Donca, R.} } @article {333, title = {Quantitative description and simulation of human behavior in residential buildings}, journal = {Building Simulation}, volume = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {85-94}, author = {Peng, C. and Yan, D. and Wu, R. and Wang, C. and Zhou, X. and Jiang, Y.} } @article {472, title = {A systematic procedure to study the influence of occupant behavior on building energy consumption}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {43}, year = {2011}, pages = {1409-1417}, keywords = {building energy consumption, cluster analysis, Data mining, grey, Occupant behavior}, author = {Yu, Z. and Fung, BCM. and Haghighat, F. and Yoshino, H. and Morofsky, E.} } @article {390, title = {Thermostat settings in English houses: No evidence of change between 1984 and 2007}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {46}, year = {2011}, pages = {635-642}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {household energy consumption}, author = {Shipworth, M.} } @article {287, title = {Thermostat strategies impact on energy consumption in residential buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {43}, year = {2011}, pages = {338-346}, author = {Moon, JW. and Han, S-H.} } @article {65, title = {Towards a sensor for detecting human presence and characterizing activity}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {43}, year = {2011}, pages = {305-314}, author = {Benezeth, Y. and Laurent, H. and Emile, B. and Rosenberger, C.} } @article {278, title = {Zero Energy Building - A review of definitions and calculation methodologies}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, month = {Apr}, pages = {971-979}, abstract = {

The concept of Zero Energy Building (ZEB) has gained wide international attention during last few years and is now seen as the future target for the design of buildings. However, before being fully implemented in the national building codes and international standards, the ZEB concept requires clear and consistent definition and a commonly agreed energy calculation methodology. The most important issues that should be given special attention before developing a new ZEB definition are: (1) the metric of the balance, (2) the balancing period, (3) the type of energy use included in the balance, (4) the type of energy balance, (5) the accepted renewable energy supply options, (6) the connection to the energy infrastructure and (7) the requirements for the energy efficiency, the indoor climate and in case of gird connected ZEB for the building-grid interaction. This paper focuses on the review of the most of the existing ZEB definitions and the various approaches towards possible ZEB calculation methodologies. It presents and discusses possible answers to the abovementioned issues in order to facilitate the development of a consistent ZEB definition and a robust energy calculation methodology. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Marszal, A. J. and Heiselberg, P. and Bourrelle, J. S. and Musall, E. and Voss, K. and Sartori, I. and Napolitano, A.} } @article {188, title = {Adaptive actions on shading devices in response to local visual stimuli}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, pages = {135-153}, abstract = {Based on 6 years of continuous measurements, we have analysed in detail the occupancy, thermal and visual parameters influencing actions on shading devices in order to derive an accurate model for the prediction of their usage in office buildings. This article begins by presenting some of the key findings from these analyses. Informed by other developments in the literature, we go on to propose an approach for a comprehensive stochastic model for simulating blind usage. This model is based on a Markov process taking rigorously selected predictors (initial blind status, indoor and outdoor illuminance) as input variables to predict lowering and raising actions performed by occupants. A separate sub-model then predicts the chosen shaded fraction. An assessment of the predictive accuracy of simulations is then presented for several modelling variants using our measured data, from which the best performing model variant is selected.}, isbn = {1940-1493}, author = {Haldi, F. and Robinson, D.} } @article {210, title = {Adaptive use of natural ventilation for thermal comfort in Indian apartments}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {45}, year = {2010}, pages = {1490-1507}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Indraganti, M.} } @article {113, title = {Assessing the total energy impact of manual and optimized blind control in combination with different lighting schedules in a building simulation environment}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, volume = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-16}, keywords = {Energy efficiency, fuzzy logic, simulation, smart blind controller}, author = {Daum, D. and Morel, N.} } @article {232, title = {Automated blind control to maximize the benefits of daylight in buildings}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1508-1520}, abstract = {

Venetian blinds are a common type of shading device and are increasingly operated automatically to overcome the limitations of manual operation. Automated blinds need to be controlled to maximize benefits of daylight in the point of occupant comfort and energy consumption. However, the previous control methods are focused on minimizing negative impacts of daylight, so they might fail to maximize positive impacts of daylight. They may often overpredict a blind{\textquoteright}s position, resulting in the undesirable blockage of daylight. In this paper, we propose a new control method for automated venetian blinds to maximize occupant comfort. The proposed control method can not only protect occupants from direct solar glare but also maximize daylight penetration into buildings based on occupants{\textquoteright} preferences on daylight. The proposed control method is designed to allow the occupants to define the zone they want protected from direct sunlight. It can control the blinds to protect only the defined zone; therefore, more daylight can be introduced to the other areas, excluding the predetermined zone. A control method for the case of one blind with one zone was developed and then extended for the case of multiple blinds with multiple zones. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Koo, SY. and Yeo, MS. and Kim, KW.} } @conference {492, title = {Balancing buildings and occupants - a holistic approach to thermal comfort and greenhouse gas emissions in mixed mode offices}, booktitle = { Adapting to Change: New Thinking on Comfort}, year = {2010}, month = {04/2010}, address = {Windsor, UK}, author = {Roetzel, A. and Tsangrassoulis, A. and Dietrich, U. and Busching, S.} } @proceedings {47, title = {Behavior and Buildings}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Center for the Built Environment}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, author = {Arens, E.} } @article {420, title = {Central automatic control or distributed occupant control for better indoor environment quality in the future}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {45}, year = {2010}, pages = {23-28}, author = {Toftum, J.} } @article {60, title = {Chasing the Negawatt: Visualization for sustainable living}, journal = {Ieee Computer Graphics and Applications}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {May-Jun}, pages = {8-14}, isbn = {0272-1716}, author = {Bartram, Lyn and Rodgers, Johnny and Muise, Kevin} } @article {382, title = {Comparative effects of building envelope improvements and occupant behavioural changes on the exergy consumption for heating and cooling}, journal = {Energy Policy}, volume = {38}, year = {2010}, pages = {2976-2986}, publisher = {Elsevier}, keywords = {Building envelope system, Exergy/energy analysis, occupant behaviour}, author = {Schweiker, M. and Shukuya, M.} } @article {279, title = {The dark side of occupants{\textquoteright} behaviour on building energy use}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {42}, year = {2010}, pages = {173-177}, author = {Masoso, OT. and Grobler, LJ.} } @article {221, title = {Daylighting performance evaluation of a bottom-up motorized roller shade}, journal = {Solar Energy}, volume = {84}, number = {12}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec}, pages = {2120-2131}, abstract = {This paper presents an experimental and simulation study for quantifying the daylighting performance of bottom-up roller shades installed in office spaces The bottom-up shade is a motorized roller shade that opens from top to bottom operating in the opposite direction of a conventional roller shade, so as to cover the bottom part of the window, while allowing daylight to enter from the top part of the window, reaching deeper into the room A daylighting simulation model validated with full-scale experiments was developed in order to establish correlations between the shade position, outdoor illuminance and work plane illuminance for different outdoor conditions Then, a shading control algorithm was developed for application in any location and orientation The validated model was employed for a sensitivity analysts of the impact of shade optical properties and control on the potential energy savings due to the use of daylighting The results showed that Daylight Autonomy for the bottom-up shade is 8-58\% higher compared to a conventional roller shade with a difference of 46\% further away from the facade, where the use of electric lighting is needed most of the time The potential reduction in energy consumption for lighting is 21-41\% (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved}, isbn = {0038-092X}, author = {Kapsis, K. and Tzempelikos, A. and Athienitis, AK. and Zmeureanu, RG.} } @article {403, title = {Energy efficient design and occupant well-being: Case studies in the UK and India}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {45}, year = {2010}, pages = {270-278}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Steemers, Koen and Manchanda, Shweta} } @article {108, title = {Energy-efficiency interventions in housing: learning from the inhabitants}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, volume = {38}, year = {2010}, pages = {70-79}, keywords = {cfl bulbs, energy demand, Energy efficiency, housing, inhabitants, les solutions technologiques a, lighting, user acceptance, User behaviour}, author = {Crosbie, T. and Baker, K.} } @article {392, title = {An experimental evaluation of HVAC-grade Carbon Dioxide sensors - part 4: Effects of ageing on sensor performance}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, year = {2010}, author = {Shrestha, SS. and Maxwell, GM.} } @article {457, title = {A high-resolution stochastic model of domestic activity patterns and electricity demand}, journal = {Applied Energy}, volume = {87}, year = {2010}, pages = {1880-1892}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {domestic electricity demand}, author = {Wid{\'e}n, J. and W{\"a}ckelg{\r a}rd, E.} } @article {114, title = {Identifying important state variables for a blind controller}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {Apr}, pages = {887-900}, abstract = {

In literature many different blind controller have been proposed and it has been shown in most cases, that they can provide energy savings and better comfort. In the early approaches they where based only on one state variable, but over time more variables have been taken into account and the structure got more sophisticated. With an increasing number of state variables the performance may rise but also the cost and complexity. In this paper we present a systematic way to identify the important state variables for a blind controller by comparing the performance of the same controller with different sets of state variables. Our work is based on an adaptable hierarchical fuzzy controller which gets optimized by a multi-objective genetic algorithm in terms of energy consumption and thermal comfort, and is then tested in a dynamic simulation environment. For making this more realistic, we include stochastic processes which try to mimic the state of occupancy and the behavior of occupants. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Daum, D. and Morel, N.} } @article {66, title = {Indoor thermal environmental conditions near glazed facades with shading devices - Part I: Experiments and building thermal model}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {45}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, month = {Nov}, pages = {2506-2516}, abstract = {

This paper presents an experimental study of indoor thermal environment near a full-scale glass facade with different types of shading devices under varying climatic conditions in winter. Interior glazing and shading temperature, operative temperature and radiant temperature asymmetry were measured for facade sections with roller shades and venetian blinds at different positions. Interior glass surface temperatures can be high during sunny days with low outdoor temperature. Shading systems significantly improved operative temperature and radiant temperature asymmetry during cold sunny days, depending on their properties and tilt angle. During cloudy days the impact was smaller, however the shading layers could still decrease the amount of heat loss through the facade. A transient building thermal model, which also calculates indoor environmental indices under the presence of solar radiation, was developed and compared with the experimental measurements. Part II of this paper uses this validated model with a transient, two-node thermal comfort model (including transmitted solar radiation) for assessment of indoor environmental conditions with different building envelope and shading properties, facade location and orientation. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Bessoudo, M. and Tzempelikos, A. and Athienitis, A. K. and Zmeureanu, R.} } @article {493, title = {On the influence of building design, occupants and heat waves on comfort and greenhouse gas emissions in naturally ventilated offices. A study based on the EN 15251 adaptive thermal comfort model in Athens, Greece}, journal = {Building Simulation: An International Journal}, volume = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {87-103}, author = {Roetzel, A. and Tsangrassoulis, A. and Dietrich, U. and Busching, S.} } @article {128, title = {An information technology enabled sustainability test-bed (ITEST) for occupancy detection through an environmental sensing network.}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {42}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, pages = {1038-1046}, author = {Dong, B. and Andrews, B. and Lam, KP. and H{\"o}ynck, M. and Zhang, R. and Chiou,Y-S. and Benitez, D} } @proceedings {94, title = {An integrated approach to occupancy modeling and estimation in commercial buildings}, number = {978-1-4244-7427-1/10}, year = {2010}, month = {June 30 2010-July 2 2010}, pages = {3130-3135}, address = {2010 American Control Conference
Marriott Waterfront, Baltimore, MD, USA
June 30-July 02, 2010}, keywords = {agent-based model, building management systems, commercial buildings, Costs, Energy efficiency, feedback, feedback control, Gas detectors, graphical model predictions, Graphical models, green buildings, Infrared sensors, LMV estimator, Mechanical sensors, Monte Carlo methods, Monte-Carlo simulations, occupancy dynamics, occupancy estimation, occupancy modeling, Optical sensors, Predictive models, reduced order systems, reduced-order graphical models, Sensor fusion}, isbn = {0743-1619}, author = {Chenda, L. and Barooah, P.} } @conference {421, title = {Main street net-zero energy buildings: The zero energy method in concept and practice}, booktitle = {Es2010: Proceedings of Asme 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Vol 1}, year = {2010}, note = {Proceedings of the ASME 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability 2010
May 17-22, 2010
Phoenix, AZ
ASME, Adv Energy Syst Div; ASME, Solar Energy Div}, pages = {1009-1017}, address = {Phoenix, Arizona}, abstract = {Until recently, large-scale, cost-effective net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) were thought to lie decades in the future. However, ongoing work at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) indicates that NZEB status is both achievable and repeatable today. This paper presents a definition framework for classifying NZEBs and a real-life example that demonstrates how a large-scale office building can cost-effectively achieve net-zero energy. The vision of NZEBs is compelling. In theory, these highly energy-efficient buildings will produce, during a typical year, enough renewable energy to offset the energy they consume from the grid The NREL NZEB definition framework classifies NZEBs according to the criteria being used to judge net-zero status and the way renewable energy is supplied to achieve that status. We use the new U.S. Department of Energy/NREL 220,000-ft(2) Research Support Facilities (RSF) building to illustrate why a clear picture of NZEB definitions is important and how the framework provides a methodology for creating a cost-effective NZEB The RSF, scheduled to open in June 2010, includes contractual commitments to deliver a Leadership in Energy Efficiency and Design (LEED) Platinum Rating, an energy use intensity of 25 kBtu/ft(2) (half that of a typical LEED Platinum office building), and net-zero energy status. We will discuss the analysis method and cost tradeoffs that were performed throughout the design and build phases to meet these commitments and maintain construction costs at $259/ft(2). We will discuss ways to achieve large-scale, replicable NZEB performance. Many passive and renewable energy strategies are utilized, including full daylighting, high-performance lighting, natural ventilation through operable windows, thermal mass, transpired solar collectors, radiant heating and cooling, and workstation configurations allow for maximum daylighting. This paper was prepared by the client and design teams, including Paul Torcellini, PhD, PE, Commercial Building Research Group Manager with NREL; Shanti Pless and Chad Lobato, Building Energy Efficiency Research Engineers with NREL, David Okada, PE, LEED AP, Associate with Stantec; and Tom Hootman. ALA, LEED AP, Director of Sustainability with RNL.}, isbn = {978-0-7918-4394-9}, author = {Torcellini, P. and Pless, S. and Lobato, C. and Hootman, T.} } @article {410, title = {Methods for the prediction of intermediate activities by office occupants}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {45}, year = {2010}, pages = {1366-1372}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {building performance}, author = {Tabak, V. and de Vries, B.} } @article {263, title = {A novel methodology for estimating space air change rates and occupant CO2 generation rates from measurements in mechanically-ventilated buildings}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {45}, year = {2010}, pages = {1161-1172}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {CO2 generation rate, maximum likelihood estimation, prediction, space air change rate}, author = {Lu, T. and Knuutila, A. and Viljanen, M. and Lu, X.} } @article {174, title = {Occupants{\textquoteright} behaviour: determinants and effects on residential heating consumption}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, volume = {38}, year = {2010}, pages = {318-338}, keywords = {behaviour, comfort, energy demand, household, housing, inhabitant behaviour, residential stock, space}, author = {Guerra-Santin, O. and Itard, L.} } @article {181, title = {The performance of occupancy-based lighting control systems: A review}, journal = {Lighting Research \& Technology}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec}, pages = {415-431}, abstract = {This paper reviews the literature on occupancy-based lighting control as a prelude to the application of sensor networks to building management. Many buildings include systems to detect occupancy and control building services. Current systems use single measurement points to detect occupancy, and there can be significant uncertainty associated with the measurement of occupancy. Long time delay and high detector sensitivity settings compensate for this uncertainty, but these diminish the savings that could be achieved with more accurate occupancy measurement. More effective control may be provided by more extensive sensing, using a network of occupancy sensors, and more extensive analysis of sensor data. The literature reviewed in this paper establishes the need for an investigation of the performance of sensor networks when used for lighting control.}, isbn = {1477-1535}, author = {Guo, X. and Tiller, DK. and Henze, GP. and Waters, CE.} } @article {449, title = {Probabilistic modelling of human adaptive behaviour in non-air- conditioned buildings}, volume = {55}, year = {2010}, pages = {9-11}, keywords = {adaptive opportunity, Building performance simulation, human behaviour modelling}, author = {Wei, S. and Buswell, R. and Loveday, D.} } @article {170, title = {Residential heat comfort practices: understanding users}, journal = {Building Research \& InformationBuilding Research \& Information}, volume = {38}, year = {2010}, pages = {175-186}, keywords = {control systems, convention, domestic heating, energy demand, habits, indoor environment, inhabitant behaviour, thermal comfort}, author = {Gram-Hanssen, K.} } @article {364, title = {A review of occupant control on natural ventilation}, journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews}, volume = {14}, year = {2010}, pages = {1001-1013}, author = {Roetzel, A. and Tsangrassoulis, A. and Dietrich, U. and Busching, S.} } @article {360, title = {Twentieth century standards for thermal comfort: promoting high energy buildings}, journal = {Architectural Science Review}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, note = {Si}, month = {Feb}, pages = {65-77}, abstract = {The urgent reed to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in a bid to meet increasingly stringent GHG targets has focused the attention of scientists on the built environment. The reason is that nearly 50\% of all the energy in the developed world is consumed in buildings and it is here that the easiest savings can be made. Although the theoretical trend in building regulations is to favour lower carbon buildings, in reality new buildings have typically become more energy profligate year after year. Much of this results from increased mechanization, poorer building fabric and design, and the resource consumption patterns. Modern thermal comfort standards are partly responsible for increased levels of energy consumption in buildings as well as (or encouraging unhealthier, less comfortable buildings because they drive the designers towards higher use of air-conditioning. A first step towards the radical overhauling of our approach to the artificial conditioning of buildings is to revise these standards. This article describes the evolution of the current standards and the problems inherent in the buildings they shape and serve and then proceeds to propose new methods of regulating thermal comfort in a warming world in which the cost of energy is rising.}, isbn = {0003-8628}, author = {Roaf, S. and Nicol, F. and Humphreys, M. and Tuohy, P. and Boerstra, A.} } @article {426, title = {Twenty first century standards for thermal comfort: fostering low carbon building design and operation}, journal = {Architectural Science Review}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, note = {Si}, month = {Feb}, pages = {78-86}, abstract = {Nearly 50\% of energy consumed in the developed world is consumed in buildings. Despite regulation intent, many new buildings are energy profligate. Thermal comfort standards are partly responsible for this increase in consumption. In this volume, Roaf et al. have described the evolution of current comfort standards and problems inherent in buildings they shape, and have discussed two new methods of regulating thermal comfort in buildings which recognize human adaptation and have potential for reduced energy demand. These new methods incorporate adaptation through a fixed heating and cooling threshold approach (similar to Japanese Cool-Biz) or through heating and cooling setpoints calculated based on outdoor conditions (using CEN standard equations). The impact on comfort and energy demand of these new approaches is investigated for a London office building. Variables such as future climate, future building upgrades, setback temperatures, internal gains and ventilation are also explored. Adoption of the new approaches gave a 50\% reduction in heating and cooling energy for the simulated office. The new approach together with optimized setback temperatures, ventilation strategies and higher efficiency equipment gives predicted heating and cooling energy demand close to zero. Recommendations for future regulation, design and operation of buildings are proposed.}, isbn = {0003-8628}, author = {Tuohy, P. and Roaf, S. and Nicol, F. and Humphreys, M. and Boerstra, A.} } @article {63, title = {Ventilation rates in the bedrooms of 500 Danish children}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {45}, year = {2010}, pages = {2289-2295}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Bek{\"o}, G. and Lund, T. and Nors, F. and Toftum, J. and Clausen, G.} } @conference {137, title = {Window opening behaviour in a natrually ventilated school }, booktitle = {SimBuild2010}, year = {2010}, pages = {260-268}, address = {New York, NY}, author = {Dutton, S. and Spencer, M. and Shao, L.} } @article {48, title = {Windows, view, and office characteristics predict physical and psychological discomfort}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec}, pages = {533-541}, abstract = {Office employees spend a lot of time inside buildings where the physical conditions influence their wellbeing and indirectly influence their employers business performance With data from a field study conducted in the Netherlands in April to May 2003 we used path analysis to further elucidate the relationship between personal (gender and seasonality of mood shifts) building (view type view quality window distance and social density) and perceived environmental conditions (light quality and office impression) and physical and psychological discomfort sleep quality and environmental utility The results show that window views which that are rated as being more attractive are beneficial to building occupants by reducing discomfort However being close to a window and rating the lighting as being of lower quality can result in thermal and glare problems (environmental utility) Reduced discomfort at work can improve sleep quality indicating that physical conditions at work influence home life (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved}, isbn = {0272-4944}, author = {Aries, M.B.C. and Veitch, J.A. and Newsham, G.R.} } @article {300, title = {A camera as a sensor for lighting and shading control}, journal = {Lighting Research \& Technology}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, note = {Symposium on Energy Efficiency and Lighting
Jun 18, 2009
London, ENGLAND}, month = {2009}, pages = {143-163}, abstract = {We developed a proof-of-concept prototype camera-based system for lighting and shading control. The system utilised a simple CMOS-basecl digital camera with an approximate v-lambda filter, calibrated to provide pixel luminance values up to 10,000 cd/m(2). We demonstrated that the single camera sensor has the potential to replace the multiple sensors required by conventional systems for daylight harvesting, shading control and occupancy sensing. Performance similar to conventional systems was replicated, but in addition, alternate control algorithms based on spatial luminance information were demonstrated. However, considerable further development would be required to produce a commercial version, and there may be resistance to deployment due to privacy issues. Cameras offer other potential valuable end uses, examples are fire detection and security, which could effectively subsidise the lighting control functions, making automatic lighting controls more financially attractive, and promoting energy savings.}, isbn = {1477-1535}, author = {Newsham, GR. and Arsenault, C.} } @article {271, title = {Comparison of physical performances of the ventilation systems in low-energy residential houses}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {41}, year = {2009}, pages = {337-353}, author = {Maier, T. and Krzaczek, M. and Tejchman, J.} } @proceedings {187, title = {A comprehensive stochastic model of blind usage: theory and validation}, number = {EPFL-CONF-148715}, year = {2009}, pages = {529-536}, author = {Haldi, F. and Robinson, D.} } @article {358, title = {Development of adaptive algorithms for the operation of windows, fans, and doors to predict thermal comfort and energy use in Pakistani buildings}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {114}, year = {2009}, pages = {555}, author = {Rijal, HB. and Tuohy, P. and Humphreys, MA. and Nicol, JF. and Samuel, A. and Raja, IA. and Clarke, J.} } @article {173, title = {The effect of occupancy and building characteristics on energy use for space and water heating in Dutch residential stock}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {1223-1232}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Guerra Santin, O. and Itard, L. and Visscher, H.} } @article {321, title = {Energy-saving potential by improving occupants{\textquoteright} behavior in urban residential sector in Hangzhou City, China}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {41}, year = {2009}, pages = {711-720}, author = {Ouyang, J. and Hokao, K.} } @article {273, title = {Environmental efficiency in residential buildings {\textendash} A simplified communication approach}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {44}, year = {2009}, pages = {937-947}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Malmqvist, T. and Glaumann, M.} } @article {464, title = {Field investigation on consumer behavior and hydraulic performance of a district heating system in Tianjin, China}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {44}, year = {2009}, pages = {249-259}, keywords = {heat metering and billing}, author = {Xu, B. and Fu, L. and Di, H.} } @article {89, title = {Influence of occupants{\textquoteright} knowledge on comfort expectations and behaviour}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, volume = {37}, year = {2009}, pages = {227-245}, keywords = {behaviour, comfort, connaissances, et le confort des, exercent-elles sur le comportement, facilities management, green buildings, interactive adaptivity, knowledge, occupant, occupants, post-occupancy evaluation, quelle est la, quelle influence les, satisfaction}, author = {Brown, Z. and Cole, RJ.} } @article {238, title = {Information-theoretic environmental features selection for occupancy detection in open offices}, journal = {Eleventh International IBPSA Conference, edited by PA Strachan, NJ Kelly and M Kummert}, year = {2009}, pages = {1460-1467}, author = {Lam, KP. and H{\"o}ynck, M. and Zhang, R. and Andrews, B. and Chiou, Y-S. and Dong, B. and Benitez, D.} } @article {220, title = {Inherent variability of heat consumption in residential buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {41}, year = {2009}, pages = {1188-1194}, keywords = {residential buildings}, author = {Juodis, E. and Jaraminiene, E. and Dudkiewicz, E.} } @article {186, title = {Interactions with window openings by office occupants}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {44}, year = {2009}, pages = {2378-2395}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Haldi, F. and Robinson, D.} } @article {374, title = {Mass-media coverage, its influence on public awareness of climate-change issues, and implications for Japan{\textquoteright}s national campaign to reduce greenhouse gas emissions}, journal = {Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, month = {May}, pages = {203-212}, abstract = {We analyse Japanese newspaper coverage of global warming from January 1998 to July 2007 and how public opinion during parts of that period were influenced by newspaper coverage. We show that a dramatic increase in newspaper coverage of global warming from January 2007 correlated with an increase in public concern for the issue. Before January 2007, we find that coverage of global warming had an immediate but short-term influence on public concern. With such transitory high levels of media coverage we suggest that for more effective communication of climate change, strategies aimed at maintaining mass-media coverage of global warming are required. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {0959-3780}, author = {Sampei, Y. and Aoyagi-Usui, M.} } @article {292, title = {A methodology for post-occupancy evaluation of ventilation rates in schools}, journal = {Building Services Engineering Research and Technology}, volume = {30}, year = {2009}, pages = {143-152}, author = {Mumovic, D. and Davies, M. and Ridley, I. and Altamirano-Medina, H. and Oreszczyn, T.} } @conference {237, title = {Occupancy detection through an extensive environmental sensor network in an open-plan office building.}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation}, year = {2009}, pages = {1452-1459}, author = {Lam, KP. and H{\"o}ynck, M. and Dong, B. and Andrews, B. and Chiou, Y-S. and Zhang, R. and Benitez, D. and Choi, J.} } @article {425, title = {Occupant behavior in naturally ventilated and hybrid buildings}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {115}, year = {2009}, pages = {16-27}, author = {Tuohy, P. and Humphreys, MA. and Nicol, JF. and Rijal, HB. and Clarke, J.} } @article {80, title = {Occupant satisfaction in mixed-mode buildings}, journal = {Building Research and Information}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, note = {5th Windsor Conference of the Network-for-Comfort-and-Energy-Use-in-Buildings on Air Conditioning and the Low Carbon Cooling Challenge
2008
Windsor, ENGLAND
Network Comfort \& Energy Use Buildings}, month = {2009}, pages = {369-380}, abstract = {{\textquoteright}Mixed-mode{\textquoteright} refers to a hybrid approach to space conditioning that uses a combination of natural ventilation and some form of mechanical ventilation and/or cooling. This study focuses on mixed-mode in buildings with operable windows (as opposed to natural ventilation through vents). By utilizing active cooling only when and where it is necessary, a well-designed mixed-mode building offers the potential to improve the indoor environmental quality while minimizing the significant energy and operating costs of air-conditioning. However, limited information exists on the performance of mixed-mode buildings, particularly with regard to occupant satisfaction, and evidence can be a powerful part of the argument to minimize the use of air-conditioning. The results of web-based surveys conducted in twelve mixed-mode buildings are described and compared with a benchmarking database of 370 buildings, with over 43 000 individual responses. The survey focuses on seven areas of indoor environmental performance: thermal comfort, air quality, acoustics, lighting, cleanliness, spatial layout, and office furnishings. The mixed-mode buildings are performing exceptionally well compared with the overall building stock, especially with regard to thermal comfort and air quality. The best performers were those that were newer, in more moderate climates, had radiant cooling or mechanical ventilation only, and allowed high degrees of direct user control without changeover window interlock systems.}, isbn = {0961-3218}, author = {Brager, G. and Baker, L.} } @article {265, title = {Patterns and implications of user control actions in buildings}, journal = {Indoor and Built Environment}, volume = {18}, year = {2009}, pages = {440-446}, keywords = {behavioral models, lighting, user control actions}, author = {Mahdavi, A.} } @article {508, title = {Perception of Importance and Performance of the Indoor Environmental Quality of High-Rise Residential Buildings}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {44}, year = {2009}, pages = {352-360}, doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.03.013}, author = {Lai, JHK. and Yik, FWH} } @article {54, title = {Research on seasonal indoor thermal environment and residents{\textquoteright} control behavior of cooling and heating systems in Korea}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {44}, year = {2009}, pages = {2300-2307}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Bae, C. and Chun, C.} } @article {127, title = {Sensor-based occupancy behavioral pattern recognition for energy and comfort management in intelligent buildings}, journal = {Proceedings of building simulation}, year = {2009}, author = {Dong, B. and Andrews, B.} } @article {45, title = {Survey of occupant behaviour and control of indoor environment in Danish dwellings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {Jan}, pages = {11-16}, abstract = {

Repeated Surveys of occupant control of the indoor environment were carried out in Danish dwellings from September to October 2006 and again from February to March 2007. The summer survey comprised 933 respondents and the winter survey 636 respondents. The surveys were carried out by sending out invitations to addresses obtained from a Danish register along with information on dwelling characteristics. Meteorological data was obtained from the Danish Meteorological Institute. Four control mechanisms (window open/closed, heating on/off, lighting on/off and solar shading in/not in use) were analysed separately by means of multiple logistic regression in order to quantify factors influencing occupants{\textquoteright} behaviour. The window opening behaviour was strongly related to the outdoor temperature. The perception of the environment and factors concerning the dwelling also impacted the window opening behaviour. The proportion of dwellings with the heating turned on was strongly related to the outdoor temperature and the presence of a wood burning stove. The solar radiation, dwelling ownership conditions and the perception of the indoor environment also affected the use of heating. The results of the statistical analyses form a basis for a definition of standard behaviour patterns which can be used to make calculation of energy consumption of buildings more accurate. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Andersen, RV. and Toftum, J. and Andersen, KK. and Olesen, BW.} } @article {49, title = {Synthetically derived profiles for representing occupant-driven electric loads in Canadian housing}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, note = {Si}, month = {2009}, pages = {15-30}, abstract = {As one objective of the International Energy Agency{\textquoteright}s Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Programme Annex 42, detailed Canadian household electrical demand profiles were created using a bottom-up approach from available inputs, including a detailed appliance set, annual consumption targets and occupancy patterns. These profiles were created for use in the simulation of residential cogeneration devices to examine the issues of system performance, efficiency and emission reduction potential. This article describes the steps taken to generate these 5-min electrical consumption profiles for three target single-family detached households - low, medium and high consumers, a comparison of the generated output with measured data from Hydro Quebec, and a demonstration of the use of the new profiles in building performance simulations of residential cogeneration devices.}, isbn = {1940-1493}, author = {Armstrong, MM. and Swinton, MC. and Ribberink, H. and Beausoleil-Morrison, I. and Millette, J.} } @article {223, title = {Thermal comfort and use of thermostats in Finnish homes and offices}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {44}, year = {2009}, pages = {1237-1245}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Karjalainen, S.} } @article {331, title = {Thermal comfort in residential buildings: Comfort values and scales for building energy simulation}, journal = {Applied Energy}, volume = {86}, year = {2009}, pages = {772-780}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {comfort temperatures, residential buildings}, author = {Peeters, L. and Dear, RD. and Hensen, J. and D{\textquoteright}haeseleer, W.} } @article {475, title = {Thermal performance of a naturally ventilated building using a combined algorithm of probabilistic occupant behaviour and deterministic heat and mass balance models}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {41}, year = {2009}, pages = {489-499}, author = {Yun, GY. and Tuohy, P. and Steemers, K.} } @proceedings {269, title = {Toward empirically-based models of people{\textquoteright}s presence and actions in buildings }, year = {2009}, pages = {537-544}, publisher = {Building Simulation 2009}, address = {Glasgow, Scotland}, author = {Mahdavi, A. and Pr{\"o}glhof, C.} } @article {86, title = {Uncertainty of energy consumption assessment of domestic buildings.}, journal = {Building Simulation, Eleventh International IBPSA ConferenceBuilding Simulation, Eleventh International IBPSA Conference}, year = {2009}, pages = {1022-1029}, author = {Brohus, H. and Heiselberg, P. and Simonsen, A. and S{\o}rensen, KC.} } @article {356, title = {Understanding occupant behaviour: the use of controls in mixed-mode office buildings}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, volume = {37}, year = {2009}, pages = {381-396}, keywords = {adaptive behaviour, behaviour, comfort, Energy efficiency, mixed mode, occupants, thermal comfort}, author = {Rijal, HB. and Humphreys, MA. and Nicol, JF.} } @article {198, title = {User behavior in whole building simulation}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {Mar}, pages = {295-302}, abstract = {

Energy use in buildings is closely linked to their operational and space utilization characteristics and the behavior of their occupants. The occupant has influence due to his presence and activities in the building and due to his control actions that aim to improve indoor environmental conditions (thermal, air quality, light, noise). Due to the demand for sustainable buildings more passive buildings will be built. Consequently the weight of the user behavior on the energy balance of a building increases. In the design phase, e.g., via building performance simulation, this effect has only recently been recognized. In this study the effect of user behavior on building performance has been evaluated further to assess requirements for design solutions to arrive at buildings that are more robust to the influence of user behavior. In the research two recent developments with respect to user presence and user interactions in a building have been combined. The results indicate that for specific buildings user behavior should be assessed in more detail, to allow the building design to be optimized for the actual user and its peculiarities. A guideline supports the decision process. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Hoes, P. and Hensen, JLM. and Loomans, MGLC. and de Vries, B. and Bourgeois, D.} } @article {123, title = {The Utah House: An effective educational tool and catalyst for behavior change?}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {44}, year = {2009}, pages = {1707-1713}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Dietz, ME. and Mulford, J. and Case, K.} } @article {281, title = {Variable selection of correlated predictors in logistic regression: Investigating the diet-heart hypothesis }, year = {2009}, author = {Mcgee, D.} } @proceedings {455, title = {Augmenting motion sensing to improve detection of periods of unusual inactivity}, year = {2008}, pages = {2}, publisher = {ACM}, isbn = {1605581992}, author = {Weisenberg, J. and Cuddihy, P. and Rajiv, V.} } @article {257, title = {Bayesian estimation of visual discomfort}, journal = {Building Research and Information}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {83-96}, abstract = {A method is proposed to estimate objectively occupants{\textquoteright} visual discomfort in small office rooms as a function of the illuminance at one or more locations. Expressed as a visual discomfort probability, it is based on an analysis of the past history of the user{\textquoteright}s interactions with the blinds and lighting controls. A Bayesian formalism is applied to infer the probability that any illuminance distribution should be considered by the user as visually uncomfortable. This method is applied to the interactions of the experimental building{\textquoteright}s users of the Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO), Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne (EPFL), and a discomfort probability is derived as a function of the horizontal workplane illuminance. This discomfort probability is very high (0.5-1.0) for an illuminance below 200 lx; it reaches a global minimum (about 0.3) at 500 lx, and then increases gradually for larger illuminances until it reaches 1.0 again close to 3000 lx.}, isbn = {0961-3218}, author = {Lindeloef, D. and Morel, N.} } @article {185, title = {On the behaviour and adaptation of office occupants}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {43}, year = {2008}, pages = {2163-2177}, keywords = {adaptation, behavioural modelling, building controls, Building simulation, thermal comfort}, author = {Haldi, F. and Robinson, D.} } @article {296, title = {Collaborative processing in Mote-based sensor/actuator networks for environment control application}, journal = {Signal Processing}, volume = {88}, number = {7}, year = {2008}, pages = {1827-1838}, isbn = {0165-1684}, author = {Nakamura, M. and Sakurai, A. and Furubo, S. and Ban, H.} } @article {391, title = {Comfort in a lower carbon society}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, volume = {36}, year = {2008}, pages = {307-311}, author = {Shove, E. and Chappells, H. and Lutzenhiser, L. and Hackett, B.} } @article {359, title = {Development of an adaptive window-opening algorithm to predict the thermal comfort, energy use and overheating in buildings}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, volume = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {17-30}, keywords = {adaptive thermal comfort, building control, window-opening}, author = {Rijal, HB. and Tuohy, P. and Nicol, F. and Humphreys, MA. and Samuel, A. and Clarke, J.} } @article {423, title = {Energy performance building evaluation in Mediterranean countries: Comparison between software simulations and operating rating simulation}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {40}, year = {2008}, pages = {1176-1187}, keywords = {energy certificate, energy consumption, energy performance of buildings, operating and calculated energy, ratings, software simulation}, author = {Tronchin, L. and Fabbri, K.} } @article {428, title = {Energy performance of LEED for new construction buildings}, year = {2008}, institution = {New Buildings Institute Vancouver, WA}, author = {Turner, C. and Frankel, M. and Council, UGB.} } @article {378, title = {Estimating space heating determinants: An analysis of Greek households}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {40}, year = {2008}, pages = {1084-1093}, keywords = {greece, quantile regression, residential space heating}, author = {Sardianou, E.} } @conference {491, title = {Evaluation of thermal and visual comfort in offices considering realistic input data and user behaviour in building simulation}, booktitle = {Air Conditioning and the Low Carbon Cooling Challenge}, year = {2008}, month = {07/2008}, address = {Windsor, UK}, author = {Roetzel, A.} } @article {153, title = {Feedback on household electricity consumption: a tool for saving energy?}, journal = {Energy Efficiency }, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {79-104}, author = {Fischer, C.} } @article {229, title = {A first approach to discomfort glare in the presence of non-uniform luminance}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {43}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, month = {Nov}, pages = {1953-1960}, abstract = {

This study aims to elucidate the difference in glare sensation between uniform and non-uniform glare sources. In the experiment, the degree of discomfort glare is examined using simulated windows of uniform and non-uniform surface luminance. The window plane is divided into two parts, the upper and lower surfaces, and the luminance and solid angle of each surface arc set differently. The upper and lower parts arc assumed to be the sky and obstacle, respectively. Two conclusions follow from this study. First, the degree of discomfort glare for the uniform window is higher than it is for the non-uniform window, when the luminance of the uniform window is the same as the average luminance of the non-uniform window. Therefore, the discomfort glare sensation of the non-uniform window is different from that of the uniform window. Second, the glare source in the non-uniform window is restricted by luminance and originates from parts ranging from the highest level of luminance down to a level that is 61\% of the highest level of luminance. These results may be useful for selecting the glare source in a window with a non-uniform luminance distribution. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Kim, W. and Ahn, HT. and Kim, JT.} } @article {433, title = {Forty years of Fanger{\textquoteright}s model of thermal comfort: comfort for all?}, journal = {Indoor air}, volume = {18}, year = {2008}, pages = {182-201}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The predicted mean vote (PMV) model of thermal comfort, created by Fanger in the late 1960s, is used worldwide to assess thermal comfort. Fanger based his model on college-aged students for use in invariant environmental conditions in air-conditioned buildings in moderate thermal climate zones. Environmental engineering practice calls for a predictive method that is applicable to all types of people in any kind of building in every climate zone. In this publication, existing support and criticism, as well as modifications to the PMV model are discussed in light of the requirements by environmental engineering practice in the 21st century in order to move from a predicted mean vote to comfort for all. Improved prediction of thermal comfort can be achieved through improving the validity of the PMV model, better specification of the model{\textquoteright}s input parameters, and accounting for outdoor thermal conditions and special groups. The application range of the PMV model can be enlarged, for instance, by using the model to assess the effects of the thermal environment on productivity and behavior, and interactions with other indoor environmental parameters, and the use of information and communication technologies. Even with such modifications to thermal comfort evaluation, thermal comfort for all can only be achieved when occupants have effective control over their own thermal environment.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The paper treats the assessment of thermal comfort using the PMV model of Fanger, and deals with the strengths and limitations of this model. Readers are made familiar to some opportunities for use in the 21st-century information society.}, keywords = {AIR conditioning, environment, Facility Design and Construction, Humans, Models, Biological, Thermosensing, workplace}, author = {van Hoof, J.} } @article {322, title = {A generalised stochastic model for the simulation of occupant presence}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {83-98}, keywords = {energy simulation, Markov chain, Occupants{\textquoteright} presence model, Stochastic process}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Page, J. and Robinson, D. and Morel, N. and Scartezzini, JL.} } @article {355, title = {A high-resolution domestic building occupancy model for energy demand simulations}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {40}, year = {2008}, pages = {1560-1566}, keywords = {domestic occupancy, energy modelling}, author = {Richardson, I. and Thomson, M. and Infield, D.} } @article {414, title = {A methodology for peak energy requirement considering actual variation of occupants{\textquoteright} behavior schedules}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {610-619}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Tanimoto, J. and Hagishima, A. and Sagara, H.} } @article {36, title = {Modeling office building occupancy in hourly data-driven and detailed energy simulation programs.}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {472-481}, publisher = {ASHRAE}, type = {Article}, keywords = {AIR conditioning, BUILDINGS -- Environmental engineering, COMPUTER-aided design, REGRESSION analysis, VENTILATION}, isbn = {00012505}, author = {Abushakra, B. and Claridge, DE.} } @article {474, title = {Natural ventilation in practice: linking facade design, thermal performance, occupant perception and control}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, volume = {36}, year = {2008}, pages = {608-624}, keywords = {action, adaptive behaviour, building performance, facade design, natural ventilation, night-time ventilation, occupant behaviour, occupant perception, window-opening}, author = {Yun, GY. and Steemers, K. and Baker, N.} } @article {268, title = {Occupants{\textquoteright} operation of lighting and shading systems in office buildings}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {57-65}, isbn = {1940-1493}, author = {Mahdavi, A. and Mohammadi, A. and Kabir, E. and Lambeva, L.} } @article {470, title = {Real-life energy use in the UK: How occupancy and dwelling characteristics affect domestic electricity use}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {40}, year = {2008}, pages = {1053-1059}, keywords = {dwelling characteristics, electricity consumption, household energy, occupancy}, isbn = {2890368025}, author = {Yohanis, YG. and Mondol, JD. and Wright, A. and Norton, B.} } @article {102, title = {Re-contextualizing the notion of comfort}, journal = {Building Research and Information}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {323-336}, abstract = {To what extent can the urgency of climate change and an evolving concept of agency (at the individual and social levels of building users) create a new context for rethinking the notion of comfort? A new, emerging notion of comfort is explored that embraces engagement with new conditions, new experiences, and new types of interactions between inhabitants and building systems and unfamiliar technologies. The emphasis is on communication and dialogue as two dynamic and adaptive processes necessary to achieve optimal building performance while valuing and responding to inhabitant knowledge and agency, and enhancing indoor environmental quality from the standpoint of the inhabitants. A primary conclusion is that the goal of shifting into a lower carbon society has created a new context for comfort, from its conventional emphasis as automated, uniform and predictable, to a broader notion that takes into consideration dynamic, integrated, and participatory aspects. The key dimensions of this emergent broader view of comfort are examined and the relationships between them revealed.}, isbn = {0961-3218}, author = {Cole, RJ. and Robinson, J. and Brown, Z. and O{\textquoteright}Shea, M.} } @article {103, title = {Representin top-hung windows in thermal models}, journal = {International Journal of Ventilation}, volume = {7}, year = {2008}, pages = {151-158}, author = {Coley, DA.} } @proceedings {412, title = {A self-adaptive context processing framework for wireless sensor networks}, year = {2008}, pages = {7-12}, publisher = {ACM}, isbn = {1605583669}, author = {Taherkordi, A. and Rouvoy, R. and Le-Trung, Q. and Eliassen, F.} } @article {473, title = {Time-dependent occupant behaviour models of window control in summer}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {43}, year = {2008}, pages = {1471-1482}, keywords = {natural ventilation, occupant behaviour, window-opening}, author = {Yun, GY. and Steemers, K.} } @article {196, title = {Towards a model of user behaviour regarding the manual control of windows in office buildings}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {43}, year = {2008}, pages = {588-600}, author = {Herkel, S. and Knapp, U. and Pfafferott, J.} } @article {315, title = {Window usage, ventilation and formaldehyde concentrations in new California homes}, year = {2008}, pages = {17-22}, keywords = {formaldehyde, infiltration, window-opening}, author = {Offermann, F. and Cih, PE. and Pe, SB. and Hodgson, A. and Jenkins, P. and Cih, JR. and Springer, D. and Eit, TW.} } @article {462, title = {Window-opening behaviour when classroom temperature and air quality are manipulated experimentally}, year = {2008}, author = {Wyon, DP. and Wargocki, P.} } @proceedings {328, title = {3D forward sensor modeling and application to occupancy grid based sensor fusion}, year = {2007}, pages = {2059-2064}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {San Diego, CA}, isbn = {1424409128}, author = {Pathak, K. and Birk, A. and Poppinga, J. and Schwertfeger, S.} } @article {479, title = {Air movement preferences observed in office buildings}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {51}, year = {2007}, pages = {349-60}, abstract = {Office workers{\textquoteright} preferences for air movement have been extracted from a database of indoor environmental quality surveys performed in over 200 buildings. Dissatisfaction with the amount of air motion is very common, with too little air movement cited far more commonly than too much air movement. Workers were also surveyed in a detailed two-season study of a single naturally ventilated building. About one-half the building{\textquoteright}s population wanted more air movement and only 4\% wanted less. This same ratio applied when the air movement in workspaces was higher than 0.2 m/s, the de facto draft limit in the current ASHRAE and ISO thermal environment standards. Preference for "less air motion" exceeded that for "more" only at thermal sensations of -2 (cool) or colder. These results raise questions about the consequences of the ASHRAE and ISO standards{\textquoteright} restrictions on air movement, especially for neutral and warm conditions.}, keywords = {air movements, Air Pollution, Indoor, Building Codes, data collection, Databases, Factual, Humans, Seasons, Sensation, Temperature, VENTILATION, workplace}, author = {Zhang, H. and Arens, E. and Fard, SA. and Huizenga, C. and Paliaga, G. and Brager, G. and Zagreus, L.} } @article {260, title = {Architectural design of an advanced naturally ventilated building form.}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {166-181}, author = {Lomas, KJ.} } @article {244, title = {Are users more tolerant of {\textquoteright}green{\textquoteright} buildings?}, journal = {Building Research and Information}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, note = {Rethinking Sustainable Construction Conference 2006
Sep, 2006
Sarasota, FL}, month = {2007}, pages = {662-673}, abstract = {Are buildings designed for lower environmental impacts better from the occupants{\textquoteright} point of view? Based on methodology developed in the UK by Building Use Studies and used for the Probe series of post- occupancy studies, the paper explores sources of occupant dissatisfaction, and whether or not green buildings are perceived as better by their users. Occupant surveys from 177 UK buildings are used for statistical comparisons between conventional and green buildings. Findings point to improvements in some areas, such as image and how needs are met, but green buildings are in danger of repeating past mistakes, especially if they are too difficult to manage. Users tend to tolerate deficiencies rather more than they do with more conventional buildings. There are also methodological problems. Findings based on more general, {\textquoteleft} summary{\textquoteright} questions tend give a more optimistic picture for green buildings than those which dig deeper. It is thus vital to back up statistical descriptions with detailed accounts of context so that rounded conclusions are obtained.}, isbn = {0961-3218}, author = {Leaman, A. and Bordass, B.} } @article {369, title = {CareWatch: A home monitoring system for use in homes of persons with cognitive impairment}, journal = {Topics in geriatric rehabilitation}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {3}, author = {Rowe, M. and Lane, S. and Phipps, C.} } @article {456, title = {Commercial applications of wireless sensor networks using ZigBee}, journal = {Communications Magazine, IEEE}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {70-77}, isbn = {0163-6804}, author = {Wheeler, A.} } @article {336, title = {Comparison of low-energy office buildings in summer using different thermal comfort criteria}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {39}, number = {7}, year = {2007}, pages = {750-757}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Pfafferott, J{\"U}. and Herkel, S. and Kalz, DE. and Zeuschner, A.} } @article {469, title = {Dense mapping for range sensors: Efficient algorithms and sparse representations}, year = {2007}, author = {Yguel, M. and Tay, C. and Keat, M. and Braillon, C. and Laugier, C. and Aycard, O.} } @article {248, title = {Development of the nomo-graph for evaluation on discomfort glare of windows}, journal = {Solar Energy}, volume = {81}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {799-808}, abstract = {Human beings have been using daylight for a long time. The daylight provides building occupants with psychological stability and also serves as lighting. However, the discomfort glare of windows produced from the daylight could be a severe problem as the working condition is getting more complicated and precise. Although numerous studies have been performed in order to solve this problem, most studies have been performed on Caucasians. The recent studies have revealed that there were differences between Caucasians and Asians in ocular activity, pigmentation, and color sensibility depending on the iris color. These data implies that it is difficult to directly apply the data from studies on the Caucasian to Asians whose physiological properties of eyes are different from those of the Caucasian. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an evaluation method of window discomfort glare, which may represent the visual feature of Asian appropriately. In the present study, we investigated the visual difference between Caucasian and Asians and established the nomo-graph to develop the method appropriate for the evaluation of the window discomfort glare for Asians. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {0038-092X}, author = {Lee, JS. and Kim, BS.} } @article {339, title = {Energy performance assessment of existing dwellings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {39}, year = {2007}, pages = {393-403}, keywords = {Buildings, energy performance assessment, epa-ed, epbd}, author = {Poel, B. and van Cruchten, G. and Balaras, CA.} } @article {162, title = {Energy saving lighting control systems for open-plan offices: A field study}, journal = {Leukos}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {Jul}, pages = {7-29}, abstract = {conducted a field study in a deep-plan office building equipped with suspended direct-indirect luminaires located centrally in cubicle workstations. In order to reduce lighting energy use, the luminaires employed integral occupancy sensors and light sensors (daylight harvesting), as well as individual dimming control accessed through occupants{\textquoteright} computer screens. Data were collected from 86 workstations over a year to examine the energy savings and power reduction attributable to the controls, and how the controls were used. An awareness campaign that used e-mail reminders to encourage the occupants to use the individual control feature of the lighting system was also conducted. Results indicate that the lighting system generated substantial energy savings and peak power reductions compared to a conventional fluorescent lighting system installed on a neighboring floor. The installed lighting power was 42 percent lower than that of the conventional system. The three controls combined saved 42 to 47 percent in lighting energy use compared to the same lights used at full power during work-hours; this translated into overall savings of 67 to 69 percent compared to the conventional lighting system. If the three lighting controls systems had been installed separately, occupancy sensors would have saved, on average, 35 percent if used alone, light sensors (daylight harvesting) 20 percent, and individual dimming 11 percent. The light sensor savings were, as expected, higher in perimeter workstations, and would have matched the performance of the occupancy sensors with some modifications lighting was also reduced by a similar amount, which resulted in an average effective lighting power density of only 3 W/m(2). Although not detailed in this paper, surveys indicated that the studied lighting system was also associated with higher occupant satisfaction. This was likely due to the individual dimming control, although use of this control beyond an initial preferred setting was rare.}, isbn = {1550-2724}, author = {Galasiu, AD. and Newsham, GR. and Suvagau, C. and Sander, DM.} } @article {461, title = {Energy-use information transfer for intelligent homes: Enabling energy conservation with central and local displays}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {39}, year = {2007}, pages = {495-503}, keywords = {Energy conservation, home automation, residential appliances, smart meters}, author = {Wood, G. and Newborough, M.} } @article {96, title = {An experimental study of facade-integrated photovoltaic/water-heating system}, journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {37-45}, abstract = {The worldwide fast development of building-integrated solar technology has prompted the design alternatives of fixing the solar panels on the building facades. How to make full use of an integrative system to achieve the best energy performance can be an important area in the technology promotion. Hybrid solar system applying in buildings has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. This paper describes an experimental study of a centralized photovoltaic and hot water collector wall system that can serve as a water pre-heating system. Collectors are mounted at vertical facades. Different operating modes were performed with measurements in different seasons. Natural water circulation was found more preferable than forced circulation in this hybrid solar collector system. The thermal efficiency was found 38.9\% at zero reduced temperature, and the corresponding electricity conversion efficiency was 8.56\%, during the late summer of Hong Kong. With the PVT wall, the space thermal loads can be much reduced both in summer and winter, leading to substantial energy savings. Suggestions were given on how to further improve the system performance. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {1359-4311}, author = {Chow, TT. and He, W. and Ji, J.} } @article {222, title = {Gender differences in thermal comfort and use of thermostats in everyday thermal environments}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {42}, year = {2007}, pages = {1594-1603}, keywords = {gender, quantitative interview survey, thermal comfort, thermostat}, author = {Karjalainen, S.} } @proceedings {284, title = {Identification of occupants{\textquoteright} activities in practice}, volume = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {317-324}, author = {Melikov, AK. and Hlavaty, R.} } @article {429, title = {The impact of shading design and control on building cooling and lighting demand}, journal = {Solar Energy}, volume = {81}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {369-382}, abstract = {Shading should be considered as an integral part of fenestration system design for commercial and office buildings, in order to balance daylighting requirements versus the need to reduce solar gains. In this paper, the simultaneous impact of glazing area, shading device properties and shading control on building cooling and lighting demand was calculated using a coupled lighting and thermal simulation module. The interactions between cooling and lighting energy use in perimeter spaces were evaluated as a function of window-to-wall ratio and shading parameters. An exterior roller shade was used as an example. The impact of shading device type, properties and control on building cooling and lighting energy demand was quantified and analyzed. The simulation results indicate that, if an integrated approach for automatic control of motorized shading is used in conjunction with controllable electric lighting systems, substantial reduction of energy demand for cooling and lighting could be achieved in perimeter spaces, depending on climatic conditions and orientation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {0038-092X}, author = {Tzempelikos, A. and Athienitis, AK.} } @article {290, title = {Introduction to commercial building control strategies and techniques for demand response}, journal = {Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory LBNL-59975}, year = {2007}, author = {Motegi, N. and Piette, MA. and Watson, DS. and Kiliccote, S. and Xu, P.} } @article {304, title = {Maximum temperatures in European office buildings to avoid heat discomfort}, journal = {Solar Energy}, volume = {81}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {295-304}, abstract = {This paper looks at the ways in which discomfort from summer overheating can be avoided in European office buildings. Starting with the results from field surveys and applying adaptive comfort theory the paper defines comfortable conditions and the range of acceptable temperature around these, in buildings in both free running mode and those being heated or cooled. Data from the EU project SCATs are used to explore how an upper envelope of acceptable temperatures might be defined. Upper limits for temperatures in buildings with and without heating and cooling are suggested in terms of the running mean of the outdoor temperature. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {0038-092X}, author = {Nicol, F. and Humphreys, M.} } @article {226, title = {Measured and predicted energy demand of a low energy building: Important aspects when using building energy simulation}, journal = {Building Services Engineering Research \& Technology}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {223-235}, abstract = {Three different simulation tools were used to simulate a low energy terraced house in the south of Sweden. The software tools all use dynamic models to calculate, for example, the energy demand for heating and the indoor temperatures. The aim of this paper is to discuss the relative importance to the annual energy demand of different energy aspects of a Swedish low-energy house. Both measured and simulated values are considered and compared. The focus is on the impact of choice of software, the habits of the tenants, and the relative impact of different design parameters such as ventilation rates. The measured values for total electricity demand range from about 6000 kWh to over 12000kWh, the average demand being 8020kWh. The annual predicted total energy demand using three different simulation software tools deviated by about 2\%. The energy use deviation due to airflow control was about 10\%, and the deviation due to differences in heat exchanger efficiency was about 20\% and the deviation in annual energy use due to differences in internal gains due to differences in tenant habits, assumed in the models, was 7\%. Furthermore, when comparing the predicted energy use during the design process of the low-energy building with actual measurements after the tenants have moved in, these differ about 50\% in average for this specific case. Practical application: Building energy simulation software is often used to make predictions of how different construction materials, design principles and operation influence the energy balance and indoor thermal comfort. It is therefore important that the output of these software tools is trustworthy and accurate. This paper discusses the importance of accurate input data during the design process in order to achieve a valid prediction of energy use with emphasis on tenants{\textquoteright} behaviour. It was shown that the deviations in a parametric study were larger than the deviations in the comparison between the results from the three simulation tools. This indicates a need for more accurate models for modelling tenant behaviour and habits rather than more accurate building component models.}, isbn = {0143-6244}, author = {Karlsson, F. and Rohdin, P. and Persson, ML.} } @proceedings {411, title = {Minimizing HVAC energy consumption using a wireless sensor network}, year = {2007}, pages = {439-444}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {1424407834}, author = {Tachwali, Y. and Refai, H. and Fagan, JE.} } @proceedings {208, title = {Modeling count data from multiple sensors: a building occupancy model}, year = {2007}, pages = {241-244}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {1424417139}, author = {Hutchins, J. and Ihler, A. and Smyth, P.} } @mastersthesis {87, title = {Multizone register controlled residential heating: Optimized for energy use and comfort}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {2007}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, author = {Brown, CA.} } @proceedings {104, title = {Occupancy grid mapping: An empirical evaluation}, year = {2007}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {142441282X}, author = {Collins, T. and Collins, JJ. and Ryan, C.} } @article {117, title = {People{\textquoteright}s clothing behaviour according to external weather and indoor environment}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {42}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {3965-3973}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {De Carli, M. and Olesen, BW. and Zarrella, A. and Zecchin, R.} } @article {417, title = {Real-time three-dimensional occupancy grid modeling for the detection and tracking of construction resources}, journal = {Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, volume = {133}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, pages = {880-888}, isbn = {0733-9364}, author = {Teizer, J. and Caldas, CH. and Haas, CT.} } @article {324, title = {Simulating occupant presence and behaviour in buildings}, year = {2007}, author = {Page, J. and Robinson, D. and Scartezzini, J-L.} } @article {430, title = {Simulation of facade and envelope design options for a new institutional building}, journal = {Solar Energy}, volume = {81}, number = {9}, year = {2007}, note = {Si
CISBAT International Conference on Solar Energy Applications to Buildings
2005
Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
Cisbat}, month = {2007}, pages = {1088-1103}, abstract = {This paper presents a simulation case study of facade and envelope preliminary design options for the new Engineering building of Concordia University in Montreal. A major principle of the analysis was to create a high quality building envelope in order to optimally control solar gains, reduce heating and cooling energy demand and reduce electricity consumption for lighting, while at the same time maintain a comfortable and pleasant indoor environment. The stated approach of the design team was to aim for an energy-efficient building, employing innovative technologies and integrating concepts such as daylighting and natural ventilation. Detailed energy simulations were therefore performed from the early design stage, in order to present recommendations on the choice of facade, glazings, shading devices, lighting control options, and natural ventilation. Integrated thermal studies, a daylighting analysis and the impact of the above on HVAC system sizing were considered. Simulation results showed that, using an optimum combination of glazings, shading devices and controllable electric lighting systems, the energy savings in perimeter spaces can be substantial. Perimeter heating could be eliminated if a high performance envelope is used. The building is currently being commissioned. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {0038-092X}, author = {Tzempelikos, A. and Athienitis, AK. and Karava, P.} } @article {334, title = {Statistical simulation of user behaviour in low-energy office buildings}, journal = {Solar energy}, volume = {81}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {676-682}, isbn = {0038-092X}, author = {Pfafferott, J. and Herkel, S.} } @proceedings {323, title = {Stochastic simulation of occupant presence and behaviour in buildings}, year = {2007}, author = {Page, J. and Robinson, D. and Scartezzini, J-L.} } @article {365, title = {Temperature and temperment: A psychologist looks at comfort }, journal = {ASHRAE Journal}, volume = {49}, year = {2007}, author = {Rohles, FH.} } @article {440, title = {Thermal comfort and workplace occupant satisfaction{\textemdash}Results of field studies in German low energy office buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {39}, year = {2007}, pages = {758-769}, keywords = {occupant satisfaction, post occupancy evaluation, satisfaction parameters, thermal comfort, thermal sensation}, author = {Wagner, A. and Gossauer, E. and Moosmann, C. and Gropp, TH. and Leonhart, R.} } @article {267, title = {Two case studies on user interactions with buildings{\textquoteright} environmental systems }, journal = {BAUPHYSIK}, volume = {29}, year = {2007}, pages = {72-75}, author = {Mahdavi, A. and Lambeva, L. and Mohammdi, A. and Kabir, E. and Pr{\"o}glhof, C.} } @article {55, title = {Urban energy generation: The added value of photovoltaics in social housing}, journal = {Renewable \& Sustainable Energy Reviews}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, year = {2007}, month = {Dec}, pages = {2121-2136}, abstract = {Social housing offers an alternative for low-to-medium income families and keyworkers (teachers, nurses, and police). In the United Kingdom (UK), this fairly priced, rental accommodation is normally owned by housing associations. This paper explores urban energy generation (micro-generation) focussing on photovoltaics (PV) and how its generated electricity can be used to provide added value in terms of demand reduction and contribute to a reduction in fuel poverty. It presents the results associated from in-depth monitoring of nine low-energy social housing units equipped with PV systems commissioned in 2004 in the South of England, UK. We report on energy load profiles and relate these to occupier behaviour and any changes in consumption that occur. The results highlight the impact of micro-generation showing a close correlation between occupant behaviour and energy consumption. Increased energy awareness can lead to changes in the way energy is used, reducing overall consumption but {\textquoteright}education{\textquoteright} must be sustained to ensure long-term energy reductions. The financial benefit of operating high demand electrical appliances at the peak of the solar day as opposed to in the evening when overall demand on the central grid is higher is highlighted. The paper also draws conclusions allied to the challenges that PV micro-generation technology presents in the social housing context. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {1364-0321}, author = {Bahaj, AS. and James, PAB.} } @article {225, title = {User problems with individual temperature control in offices}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {42}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, month = {Aug}, pages = {2880-2887}, abstract = {

Individual thermal control is important for handling personal differences in thermal preference. Several studies have shown that comfort, health and productivity in offices can be improved by individual thermal control. Local controls for temperature are commonly available in modern office buildings. However, office occupants are often still dissatisfied with the thermal environment and their control options. In this study we used contextual techniques to gain an understanding of the user problems with individual temperature control. A total of 27 office occupants in 13 Finnish buildings were interviewed in their offices. They were asked to show and tell us how they use the controls. The results show that the temperature controls were often not used in thermal discomfort. A diversity of problems with individual temperature control was identified and are listed with proposed solutions. The main reason for the many of the problems is that systems are planned and constructed without a realistic view of their users, and end users are presumed to have knowledge they don{\textquoteright}t have. The users should be studied and more effort should be put into user interface development. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Karjalainen, S. and Koistinen, A.} } @article {357, title = {Using results from field surveys to predict the effect of open windows on thermal comfort and energy use in buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {39}, year = {2007}, pages = {823-836}, keywords = {adaptation, behaviour, building controls, esp-r, simulation, thermal comfort, window-opening}, author = {Rijal, HB. and Tuohy, P. and Humphreys, MA. and Nicol, JF. and Samuel, A. and Clarke, J.} } @article {424, title = {View and discomfort glare from windows}, journal = {Lighting Research \& Technology}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {185-200}, abstract = {There is less discomfort glare from a window with an interesting view than from either a neutral screen or a window with a poor view having the same daylight glare index. A view with patches of high luminance is more glaring than a more uniform view with the same mean luminance. In two experiments carried out during May and June 2005, subjects assessed glare from windows in a 20-storey building in Sheffield, UK. The rooms used were identical except that at different levels and orientations the prospects varied from close views of other buildings to extensive urban and natural scenes. In the first experiment, with 72 university students as subjects, the reported discomfort glare from a diffusing screen covering the window was compared with that from a view onto a nearby obstructing wall and from a view with trees and distant landscape. The weather was changeable so each scene was observed over a range of different luminances. In the second experiment, with 96 subjects, the glare from an urban view that included nearby elements, the middle distance and the far distance was compared with a restricted urban view, with an extensive natural view and with a restricted natural view. Independent groups of subjects rated the interest of all the views. It was found that subjects{\textquoteright} reported discomfort from glare varied significantly between all three cases in the first experiment and all four cases of the second experiment: glare discomfort decreased as interest increased. The luminance range within a view also affected the experience of glare. The results are consistent with those of an earlier study of glare from small screens.}, isbn = {1477-1535}, author = {Tuaycharoen, N. and Tregenza, PR.} } @article {78, title = {Adding advanced behavioural models in whole building energy simulation: A study on the total energy impact of manual and automated lighting control}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, pages = {814-823}, keywords = {daylighting, energy simulation, lighting controls, user behavioural models}, author = {Bourgeois, D. and Reinhart, C. and Macdonald, I.} } @article {107, title = {Bayesian occupancy filtering for multitarget tracking: an automotive application}, journal = {The International Journal of Robotics Research}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {19-30}, isbn = {0278-3649}, author = {Cou{\'e}, C. and Pradalier, C. and Laugier, C. and Fraichard, T. and Bessi{\`e}re, P.} } @article {126, title = {Building occupancy detection through sensor belief networks}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, pages = {1033-1043}, keywords = {bayesian probability theory, belief networks, building security, commercial buildings, Energy management, introduction and problem statement, is a key component, knowing how many people, occupancy detection, occupy a building, of building energy, sensor networks, they are located}, author = {Dodier, RH. and Henze, GP. and Tiller, DK. and Guo, X.} } @proceedings {228, title = {Characterization of passive infrared sensors for monitoring occupancy pattern}, year = {2006}, pages = {5257-5260}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {1424400325}, author = {Kaushik, AR. and Celler, BG.} } @article {235, title = {Daylight illuminance control with fuzzy logic}, journal = {Solar Energy}, volume = {80}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {307-321}, abstract = {The purpose is to take full advantage of daylight for inside illumination. The inside illuminance and luminous efficacy of the available solar radiation were analyzed. The paper deals with the controlled dynamic illuminance response of built environment in real-time conditions. The aim is controlled functioning of the roller blind as a regulation device to assure the desired inside illuminance with smooth roller blind moving. Automatic illuminance control based on fuzzy logic is realized on a test chamber with an opening on the south side. The development and design of the fuzzy controller for the corresponding positioning of the roller blind with the available solar radiation as external disturbance is the subject of this paper. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {0038-092X}, author = {Lah, MT. and Zupancic, B. and Peternelj, J. and Krainer, A.} } @article {349, title = {Dynamic daylight performance metrics for sustainable building design}, journal = {Leukos}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {7-31}, isbn = {1550-2724}, author = {Reinhart, CF. and Mardaljevic, J. and Rogers, Z.} } @article {112, title = {The effectiveness of feedback on energy consumption}, volume = {486}, year = {2006}, pages = {2006}, institution = {Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford}, author = {Darby, S.} } @article {458, title = {Evaluation methods and development of a new glare prediction model for daylight environments with the use of CCD cameras}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, month = {Jul}, pages = {743-757}, abstract = {

Daylighting and the impact of daylighting strategies on the visual environment continue to be a vital issue for building occupants due to visual comfort and user acceptance of luminous indoor environments. Some of the critical factors affecting the level of visual comfort and quality in daylit office spaces include glare, window luminances, and luminance ratios within the field of view. One of the goals of this study was to provide new insight into the impact of luminance distributions on glare. The luminance distribution within the field of view was recorded using CCD camerabased luminance mapping technology. The technology provides a great potential for improved understandings of the relation between measured lighting conditions and user response. With the development of the RADIANCE based evaluation tool "evalglare", it became possible to analyse glare according to a number of daylight glare prediction models as well as contrast ratios in various daylit situations (workplace, VDU). User assessments at two locations (Copenhagen, Freiburg) with more than 70 subjects under various daylighting conditions were performed in order to assess existing glare models and to provide a reliable database for the development of a new glare prediction model. The comparison of the results of the user assessments with existing models clearly shows the great potential for improving glare prediction models. For the window luminance a squared correlation factor of only 0.12 and for the daylight glare index (DGI) of 0.56 were found. Due to the low predictive power of existing glare prediction models a new index, daylight glare probability (DGP), was developed and is presented in this paper. DGP is a function of the vertical eye illuminance as well as on the glare source luminance, its solid angle and its position index. The DGP showed a very strong correlation (squared correlation factor of 0.94) with the user{\textquoteright}s response regarding glare perception. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Wienold, J. and Christoffersen, J.} } @article {258, title = {A field investigation of the intermediate light switching by users}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, month = {Jul}, pages = {790-801}, abstract = {

This paper describes how data collected during a continuously running data acquisition program on the LESO building in Lausanne, Switzerland, was used to measure the intermediate light switch probability by users as a function of current illuminance levels, i.e. the probability for a given timestep that the user will switch on or off the electric lighting, excluding such actions that happen upon user entry to or exit from the office. We assume such a probability to be independent of the user{\textquoteright}s history and further derive some theoretical consequences of this postulate. In particular, we show how a history-less user leads naturally to patterns of behaviour already observed in real buildings. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Lindelof, D. and Morel, N.} } @proceedings {100, title = {The impact of the building occupant on energy modeling simulations}, year = {2006}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Citeseer}, author = {Clevenger, CM. and Haymaker, J.} } @article {471, title = {Indoor thermal environment and energy saving for urban residential buildings in China}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, pages = {1308-1319}, keywords = {china, field measurement, indoor thermal environment, questionnaire survey, residential building}, author = {Yoshino, H. and Yoshino, Y. and Zhang, Q. and Mochida, A. and Li, N. and Li, Z. and Miyasaka, H.} } @article {427, title = {LEED building performance in the Cascadia Region: A post occupancy evaluation report}, year = {2006}, address = {Cascadia Region Green Building Council}, author = {Turner, C.} } @article {139, title = {Limits and potentials of office building climatisation with ambient air}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, month = {Jun}, pages = {574-581}, abstract = {

One of the first passive energy standard office buildings in Europe was extensively monitored over 3 years to analyse the summer performance of highly insulated, well sun-shaded and mechanically ventilated buildings. During typical German summer conditions with less than 160 hours ambient air temperatures above 25 degrees C, these buildings perform excellently during summer, even if the internal loads are rather high with 200-400 Wh m(-2) day(-1). If ambient air temperatures are significantly higher like in summer 2003 with more than 3 K higher average temperatures than usual, nearly 10\% of all office hours are above 26 degrees C. Detailed measurements showed that the night discharging of heavy thermal masses such as the concrete ceiling was not always effective under free convection conditions. Room air temperature decreased by 2-3 K only although measured night air changes were always above 5 h(-1). The measured air change rates contained not only cool ambient air but also backflow of warmer air from the corridors, which could be shown by flow visualisation in the rooms and by simulation studies. Improvements to the night ventilation performance can be achieved, if early evening ventilation with high heat gains can be reduced and if fans support the air exchange in the cooler morning hours. Three year measurements and simulation of the earth heat exchanger showed that excellent performance is achieved with COP{\textquoteright}s between 35 and 50. Due to the limited fresh air volume flow in such buildings, the earth heat exchanger only removes a fraction of the loads, here about 18\% of the total internal loads. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Eicker, U. and Huber, M. and Seeberger, P. and Vorschulze, C.} } @article {142, title = {A long term study of residential home heating consumption and the effect of occupant behavior on homes in the Pacific Northwest constructed according to improved thermal standards}, journal = {Energy}, volume = {31}, year = {2006}, pages = {677-693}, author = {Emery, AF. and Kippenhan, C.J.} } @article {306, title = {Measurements of desktop illuminance in European offices to investigate its dependence on outdoor conditions and its effect on occupant satisfaction , and the use of lights and blinds}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, pages = {802-813}, author = {Nicol, F. and Wilson, M.} } @article {79, title = {Mixed-mode cooling}, journal = {ASHRAE Journal}, volume = {48}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, month = {Aug}, pages = {30-+}, isbn = {0001-2491}, author = {Brager, GS.} } @article {247, title = {The New York Times headquarters daylighting mockup: Monitored performance of the daylighting control system}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, month = {Jul}, pages = {914-929}, abstract = {

A 9-month monitored field study of the performance of automated roller shades and daylighting controls was conducted in a 401 m 2 unoccupied, furnished daylighting mockup. The mockup mimicked the southwest comer of a new 110 km(2) commercial building in New York, New York, where The New York Times will be the major tenant. This paper focuses on evaluating the performance of two daylighting control systems installed in separate areas of an open plan office with 1.2-m high workstation partitions: (1) Area A had 0-10 V dimmable ballasts with an openloop proportional control system and an automated shade controlled to reduce window glare and increase daylight, and (2) Area B had digital addressable lighting interface (DALI) ballasts with a closed-loop integral reset control system and an automated shade controlled to block direct sun. Daylighting control system performance and lighting energy use were monitored. The daylighting control systems demonstrated very reliable performance after they were commissioned properly. Work plane illuminance levels were maintained above 90\% of the maximum fluorescent illuminance level for 99.9 +/- 0.5\% and 97.9 +/- 6.1\% of the day on average over the monitored period, respectively, in Areas A and B. Daily lighting energy use savings were significant in both Areas over the equinox-to-equinox period compared to a non-daylit reference case. At 3.35 m from the window, 30\% average savings were achieved with a sidelit west-facing condition in Area A while 50-60\% were achieved with a bilateral daylit south-facing condition in Area B. At 4.57-9.14 m from the window, 5-10\% and 25-40\% savings were achieved in Areas A and B, respectively. Average savings for the 7-m deep dimming zone were 20-23\% and 52-59\% for Areas A and B, respectively, depending on the lighting schedule. The large savings and good reliability can be attributed to the automatic management of the interior shades. The DALI-based system exhibited faulty behavior that remains unexplained, but operational errors are expected to be resolved as DALI products reach full maturity. The building owner received very competitive bids ($30-75 US/DALI ballast) and was able to justify use of the daylighting control system based on operational cost savings and increased amenity. Additional energy savings due to reduced solar and lighting heat gains were not quantified but will add to the total operational cost savings. Published by Elsevier B.V.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Lee, ES. and Selkowitz, SE.} } @article {163, title = {Occupant preferences and satisfaction with the luminous environment and control systems in daylit offices: a literature review}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, pages = {728-742}, keywords = {daylight, daylighting, lighting control, occupant preferences, occupant satisfaction, shading control}, author = {Galasiu, AD. and Veitch, JA.} } @article {367, title = {Perceived health and comfort in relation to energy use
and building characteristics}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {467-474}, abstract = {

Within the European research project Health Optimisation Protocol for Energy-efficient Building (HOPE), 96 apartment
buildings and 64 office buildings (of which approximately 75\% have been designed to be energy-efficient) were
investigated. The building characteristics were assessed according to a checklist during a walk-through survey.
Occupant questionnaires were used to determine satisfaction about comfort (thermal visual, acoustical and indoor air
quality (IAQ)) and their health (Sick Building Syndrome and allergies). Building-averaged collected data are
compared, looking for correlations between building characteristics on one hand, and perceived comfort and health
on the other hand. Strong correlations are found between perceived IAQ, thermal, acoustic and lighting comfort,
confirming results from other studies. Significant correlations between the perceived comfort and building related
symptoms were also found, comfortable and healthier buildings being well distinct from uncomfortable ones.
Differences of perceived comfort or health between low- and high-energy buildings show that it is possible to design
buildings that are healthy, comfortable and energy efficient.

}, keywords = {building assessment, comfort, energy efficiency, indoor environment, occupant perception, satisfaction}, author = {Roulet, C-A. and Johner, N. and Foradini, F. and Bluyssen, P. and Cox, C. and De, E. and Fernandes, O. and M{\"u}ller, B. and Aizlewood, C.} } @article {256, title = {A questionnaire survey on sleeping thermal environment and bedroom air conditioning in high-rise residences in Hong Kong}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, pages = {1302-1307}, keywords = {iaq, questionnaire survey, room air conditioner, sleeping thermal environment, ventilation control}, author = {Lin, Z. and Deng, S.} } @proceedings {361, title = {Some trends and research needs in energy and comfort prediction}, year = {2006}, author = {Robinson, D.} } @article {409, title = {The use of shading systems in VDU task offices: A pilot study}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, month = {Jul}, pages = {780-789}, abstract = {

We registered how eight subjects used their remotely controlled black Venetian blinds in eight individual offices, every 15 min, over a period of 30 weeks. This also included measuring parameters such as the illuminance on the window, the illuminance on the VDU screen, the ambient temperature inside the room, the presence of the worker and the state of the artificial lighting. During the same period, we registered the position of the blinds in seven other offices fitted with manually controlled fabric blinds, through webcam pictures taken every 15 min. There was no further monitoring inside these offices. With the data collected, several hypotheses regarding the use of Venetian blinds in offices were tested. It appeared that office workers were consistent in the way they used their shading system, however it was difficult to draw general conclusions on blind usage. The type of control of the shading system also seemed to be important. Remotely controlled black Venetian blinds were used three times more often than manually controlled fabric blinds. In addition, most of the time users adjusted the tilt of the slats of the Venetian blinds downwards, towards the external ground. We also came to the conclusion that the higher the quality of the VDU screen (in terms of emitted luminance levels), the more likely a worker was to tolerate high levels of diffuse reflections on it, hence taking more advantage of the daylight available. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Sutter, Y. and Dumortier, D. and Fontoynont, M.} } @article {294, title = {Useful daylight illuminances: A replacement for daylight factors}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, month = {Jul}, pages = {905-913}, abstract = {

This paper describes the application of a new paradigm, called useful daylight illuminance (UDI), to assess daylight in buildings. The UDI paradigm is designed to aid the interpretation of climate-based analyses of daylight illuminance levels that are founded on hourly meteorological data for a period of a full year. Unlike the conventional daylight factor approach, a climate-based analysis employs realistic, time-varying sky and sun conditions and predicts hourly levels of absolute daylight illuminance. The conventional approach produces a single number-the daylight factor as a percentage-for each evaluation point in the space. In contrast, a climate-based analysis results in an illuminance prediction for every daylight hour of the year for each point considered. The UDI paradigm offers a way to reduce the voluminous time-series data to a form that is of comparative interpretative simplicity to the daylight factor method, but which nevertheless preserves a great deal of the significant information content of the illuminance time-series. The UDI paradigm informs not only on useful levels of daylight illuminance, but also on the propensity for excessive levels of daylight that are associated with occupant discomfort and unwanted solar gain. In a conventional analysis of daylight provision and solar penetration, the two phenomena are assessed independently using methods that are idealised (daylight factor) and qualitative (shadow patterns). The UDI paradigm offers a simple methodology whereby daylight provision and levels of solar exposure are quantified using a single evaluative schema. Thus, it is also well-suited for teaching purposes. Application of the UDI paradigm is demonstrated using an analysis of design variants for a deep-plan building with a light-well. Comparison is made with the conventional daylight factor approach, the LEED daylight credit and measures of daylight autonomy. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Nabil, A. and Mardaljevic, J.} } @article {342, title = {Ventilation behavior and household characteristics in new California houses}, volume = {LBNL-59620}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, institution = {Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Report}, type = {Report}, abstract = {

A survey was conducted to determine occupant use of windows and mechanical ventilation devices; barriers that inhibit their use; satisfaction with indoor air quality (IAQ); and the relationship between these factors.A questionnaire was mailed to a stratified random sample of 4,972 single-family detached homes built in 2003, and 1,448 responses were received. A convenience sample of 230 houses known to have mechanical ventilation systems resulted in another 67 completed interviews.Results:- Many houses are under-ventilated: depending on season, only 10-50\% of houses meet the standard recommendation of 0.35 air changes per hour. - Local exhaust fans are under-utilized. For instance, about 30\% of households rarely or never use their bathroom fan. - More than 95\% of households report that indoor air quality is "very" or "somewhat" acceptable," although about 1/3 of households also report dustiness, dry air, or stagnant or humid air. - Except households where people cook several hours per week, there is no evidence that households with significant indoor pollutant sources get more ventilation. - Except households containing asthmatics, there is no evidence that health issues motivate ventilation behavior.- Security and energy saving are the two main reasons people close windows or keep them closed.

}, keywords = {air cleaning, airflow, indoor air quality, indoor environment department, indoor pollutants, infiltration, mechanical ventilation systems, natural ventilation, pollutant transport group, thermal comfort, VENTILATION}, author = {Price, PN. and Sherman, MH.} } @article {129, title = {Applying support vector machines to predict building energy consumption in tropical region}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {37}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {545-553}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Dong, B. and Cao, C. and Lee, SE.} } @article {156, title = {Climate change impacts on building heating and cooling energy demand in Switzerland.}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {37}, number = {11}, year = {2005}, pages = {1175-1185}, author = {Frank, T.} } @mastersthesis {77, title = {Detailed occupancy prediction, occupancy-sensing control and advanced behavioural modelling within whole-building energy simulation}, volume = {Ph.D. Dissertation}, year = {2005}, school = {Universit{\'e} Laval Qu{\'e}bec}, author = {Bourgeois, DJ.} } @article {218, title = {Determining the frequency of open windows in residences: A pilot study in Durham, North Carolina during varying temperature conditions}, journal = {Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology}, volume = {15}, year = {2005}, pages = {329-349}, author = {Johnson, T. and Long, T.} } @article {454, title = {Development and validation of a visual ventilation guiding device (VVGD) for use in dwellings }, year = {2005}, pages = {3389-3394}, author = {Weis, N. and Siemers, U. and Kopiske, G.} } @article {320, title = {Discomfort glare assessment and prevention for daylight applications in office environments.}, journal = {Solar Energy}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {140-158}, author = {Osterhaus, WKE.} } @article {249, title = {Effects of control over office workspace on perceptions of the work environment and work outcomes}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {Sep}, pages = {323-333}, abstract = {Increasingly, workplaces must Support rapid technology development and implementation, dynamic organizational changes, and concomitant employee needs for balancing privacy, collaboration and other work processes. Open plan offices have been positioned as providing at least partial solutions to many of these historic and contemporary challenges. However, many problems with open offices have been documented, such as noise, lack of privacy and other distractions; yet enclosed, private offices hamper communication, teamwork and flexible use of space as well. In an effort to elucidate workers{\textquoteright} perceptions of some of these trade-offs, this study examined the effects of distractions, flexible use of workspace and personal control over the work environment on perceived job performance, job satisfaction, group cohesiveness, and inclinations to work alone or in an enclosed space and their interrelationships. The proposed path model was tested by LISREL 8.54. All fit indices for the model remained within acceptable levels. The results showed that more personal control over the physical workspace (e.g., adjustment) and easy access to meeting places led to higher perceived group cohesiveness and job satisfaction. Contrary to expectation, the results indicated that distractions may have little influence on self-rated performance. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {0272-4944}, author = {Lee, SY. and Brand, JL.} } @article {346, title = {Energy consumption and urban texture}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {37}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, pages = {762-776}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Ratti, C. and Baker, N. and Steemers, K.} } @article {285, title = {Field study on occupant comfort and the office thermal environment in rooms with displacement ventilation}, journal = {Indoor air}, volume = {15}, year = {2005}, pages = {205-14}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: A field survey of occupants{\textquoteright} response to the indoor environment in 10 office buildings with displacement ventilation was performed. The response of 227 occupants was analyzed. About 24\% of the occupants in the survey complained that they were daily bothered by draught, mainly at the lower leg. Vertical air temperature difference measured between head and feet levels was less than 3 degrees C at all workplaces visited. Combined local discomfort because of draught and vertical temperature difference does not seem to be a serious problem in rooms with displacement ventilation. Almost one half (49\%) of the occupants reported that they were daily bothered by an uncomfortable room temperature. Forty-eight per cent of the occupants were not satisfied with the air quality.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The PMV and the Draught Rating indices as well as the specifications for local discomfort because of the separate impact of draught and vertical temperature difference, as defined in the present standards, are relevant for the design of a thermal environment in rooms with displacement ventilation and for its assessment in practice. Increasing the supply air temperature in order to counteract draught discomfort is a measure that should be considered carefully; even if the desired stratification of pollution in the occupied zone is preserved, an increase of the inhaled air temperature may have a negative effect on perceived air quality.}, keywords = {air movements, construction, data collection, environment, facility design, occupants, Temperature, VENTILATION}, author = {Melikov, A. and Pitchurov, G. and Naydenov, K. and Langkilde, G.} } @proceedings {155, title = {Fusion of multiview silhouette cues using a space occupancy grid}, volume = {2}, year = {2005}, month = {17-21 Oct. 2005}, pages = {1747-1753}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Beijing, China}, isbn = {076952334X}, author = {Franco, J-S. and Boyer, E.} } @article {125, title = {A fuzzy embedded agent-based approach for realizing ambient intelligence in intelligent inhabited environments}, journal = {Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans, IEEE Transactions on}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {55-65}, isbn = {1083-4427}, author = {Doctor, F. and Hagras, H. and Callaghan, V.} } @article {133, title = {A holistic utility bill analysis method for baselining whole commercial building energy consumption in Singapore}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {167-174}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Dong, B. and Lee, SE. and Sapar, MH.} } @article {193, title = {The human factors of sustainable building design: post occupancy evaluation of the Philip Merrill Environmental Center}, year = {2005}, author = {Heerwagen, J. and Zagreus, L.} } @article {484, title = {Influences of building design and site design on physical activity: research and intervention opportunities}, journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {186-193}, isbn = {0749-3797}, author = {Zimring, C. and Joseph, A. and Nicoll, GL. and Tsepas, S.} } @article {467, title = {A method of formulating energy load profile for domestic buildings in the UK}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {663-671}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Yao, R. and Steemers, K.} } @article {444, title = {Modeling occupancy in single person offices}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {37}, year = {2005}, pages = {121-126}, keywords = {commercial buildings, modeling, occupancy properties, single person offices}, author = {Wang, D. and Federspiel, CC. and Rubinstein, F.} } @article {297, title = {A new evaluation method for daylight discomfort glare.}, journal = {International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {295-306}, author = {Nazzal, AA.} } @article {293, title = {Occupancy density and benefits of demand-controlled ventilation in Norwegian primary schools}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {37}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {1234-1240}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Mysen, M. and Berntsen, S. and Nafstad, P. and Schild, PG.} } @article {305, title = {Post-occupancy evaluation and field studies of thermal comfort}, journal = {Building Research \& InformationBuilding Research \& Information}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {338-346}, isbn = {0961-3218}, author = {Nicol, F. and Roaf, S.} } @article {197, title = {A preliminary model of user behaviour regarding the manual control of windows in office buildings }, volume = {49}, year = {2005}, pages = {1-6}, keywords = {manual control of windows, passive, statistical simulation, User behaviour, user behaviour
manual control of windows
statist}, author = {Herkel, S. and Pfafferott, J. and Knapp, U.} } @article {206, title = {Quantifying occupant comfort: are combined indices of the indoor environment practicable?}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, volume = {33}, year = {2005}, pages = {317-325}, keywords = {adaptive behaviour, building assessment, comfort, environmental design, indoor environment, occupant, offices, Perception, post-occupancy evaluation, satisfaction, satisficing, social convention, sustainable}, isbn = {0961321050016}, author = {Humphreys, MA.} } @article {35, title = {A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation.}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {417-1430}, author = {Abrahamse, W. and Steg, L. and Vlek, C. and Rothengatter, T.} } @article {404, title = {Robust data fusion with occupancy grid}, journal = {Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, IEEE Transactions on}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {106-115}, isbn = {1094-6977}, author = {Stepan, Petr and Kulich, Miroslav and Preucil, Libor} } @article {146, title = {Sick building syndrome and perceived indoor environment in relation to energy saving by reduced ventilation flow during heating season: a 1 year intervention study in dwellings.}, journal = {Indoor air}, volume = {15}, year = {2005}, pages = {120-6}, abstract = {

UNLABELLED: Ventilation in Scandinavian buildings is commonly performed by means of a constant flow ventilation fan. By using a regulated fan, it is possible to make a seasonal adjustment of outdoor ventilation flow. Energy saving can be achieved by reducing the mechanical ventilation flow during the heating season, when natural ventilation driven by temperature differences between outdoor and indoor is relatively high. This ventilation principle has been called {\textquoteright}seasonally adapted ventilation (SAV){\textquoteright}. The aim was to study if a 25-30\% reduction of outdoor ventilation flow during heating season influenced sick building syndrome (SBS) and the perception of the indoor environment. This was done in a 1-year cross-over intervention study in 44 subjects in a multi-family building. During the first heating season (November to April), one part of the building (A) got a reduced flow during the heating season [0.4-0.5 air exchanges per hour (ACH)] while the other part (B) had constant flow (0.5-0.8 ACH). The next heating season, part A got constant flow, while part B got reduced ventilation flow. Reduced ventilation increased the relative air humidity by 1-3\% in the living room (mean 30-37\% RH), 1-5\% in the bathroom (mean 48-58\% RH) during heating season. The room temperature increased 0.1-0.3 degrees C (mean 20.7-21.6 degrees C), mean carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the bedroom increased from 920 to 980 p.p.m. at reduced flow. The indoor air quality was perceived as poorer at reduced outdoor airflow, both in the bedroom and in the apartment as a whole. There was a significant increase of stuffy odor (P = 0.05) at reduced outdoor airflow and the indoor air quality was perceived as poorer, both in the bedroom (P = 0.03) and in the apartment as a whole (P = 0.04). No significant influence on SBS symptoms or specific perceptions such as odors, draught, temperature, air dryness or stuffy air could be detected. In conclusion, reducing the ventilation flow in dwellings to a level below the current Swedish ventilation standard (0.5 ACH) may cause a perception of impaired air quality. Technical measurements could only demonstrate a minor increase of indoor temperature, relative air humidity, and bedroom CO2 concentration. This illustrates that it is important to combine technical measurements with a longitudinal evaluation of occupant reactions, when evaluating energy-saving measures.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: It is important to combine technical measurements with a longitudinal evaluation of occupant reactions, when evaluating energy-saving measures. Reduction of outdoor airflow in dwellings below the current ventilation standard of 0.5 ACH may lead to a perception of impaired air quality, despite only a minor increase of bedroom CO2-concentration.

}, keywords = {Sick Building Syndrome, Sick Building Syndrome: etiology, Sick Building Syndrome: prevention \& control, Sweden, Temperature}, author = {Engvall, K. and Wickman, P. and Norb{\"a}ck, D.} } @article {234, title = {A simplified method to estimate energy savings of artificial lighting use from daylighting}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {747-754}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Krarti, M. and Erickson, PM. and Hillman, TC.} } @article {466, title = {Simulation of the kin behavior in building occupant evacuation based on Cellular Automaton}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {411-415}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Yang, LZ. and Zhao, DL. and Li, J. and Fang, TY.} } @inbook {460, title = {Simultaneous tracking and activity recognition (STAR) using many anonymous, binary sensors}, booktitle = {Pervasive computing}, year = {2005}, pages = {62-79}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, isbn = {3540260080}, author = {Wilson, DH. and Atkeson, C.} } @article {413, title = {State transition probability for the Markov Model dealing with on/off cooling schedule in dwellings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {37}, year = {2005}, pages = {181-187}, keywords = {conditioning system, field measurement, markov model, off control for air, on, state transition probability}, author = {Tanimoto, J. and Hagishima, A.} } @article {301, title = {Task lighting effects on office worker satisfaction and performance , and energy efficiency }, year = {2005}, pages = {7-26}, author = {Newsham, G. and Arsenault, C. and Veitch, J. and Tosco, AM. and Duval, C.} } @article {317, title = {Variability of clothing according to external temperature }, year = {2005}, author = {Olesen, BW. and Carli, MD. and Zarrella, A. and Zecchin, R.} } @article {330, title = {Demand controlled ventilation: A case study for existing Swedish multifamily buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {36}, number = {10}, year = {2004}, pages = {1029-1034}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Pavlovas, V.} } @article {401, title = {Effecting durable change - A team approach to improve environmental behavior in the household}, journal = {Environment and Behavior}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, month = {May}, pages = {341-367}, abstract = {Interventions for voluntary proenvironmental behavior change usually target a limited number of behaviors and have difficulties in achieving durable change. The EcoTeam Program (ETP) is an intervention package that aims to overcome these flaws. Through a combination of information, feedback, and social interaction in a group-the EcoTeam-participants focus on the environmental consequences of their household behavior. The 3-year longitudinal study found that ETP participants (N = 150) changed half of the 38 household behaviors examined, with corresponding reductions on four physical measures of resource use. These improvements were maintained or enlarged 2 years after completion of the ETP, amounting to savings from 7\% on water consumption to 32\% on solid waste deposition. A detailed analysis of one behavior, means of transportation, suggests that change can be predicted from the interplay between behavioral intention and habitual performance before participation, and the degree of social influence experienced in the EcoTeam during participation.}, isbn = {0013-9165}, author = {Staats, H. and Harland, P. and Wilke, HAM.} } @article {348, title = {Lightswitch-2002: A model for manual and automated control of electric lighting and blinds}, journal = {Solar Energy}, volume = {77}, year = {2004}, pages = {15-28}, keywords = {daylighting, lighting controls, user behavior models}, author = {Reinhart, CF.} } @article {145, title = {modelling of {\textquoteright}behavioural adjustments{\textquoteright} and its impact on energy consumption in offices}, year = {2004}, author = {Endravadan, M. and Thellier, F. and Monchoux, F.} } @article {144, title = {Modelling of occupant-controlled global heating in buildings}, volume = {884}, year = {2004}, pages = {1-10}, address = {Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK}, author = {Endravadan, M. and Thellier, F. and Bedrune, JP.} } @article {83, title = {Operable windows, personal control, and occupant comfort}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, isbn = {0001-2505}, author = {Brager, GS. and Paliaga, G. and de Dear, R.} } @article {84, title = {Predicted versus observed heat consumption of a low energy multifamily complex in Switzerland based on long-term experimental data}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, month = {Jun}, pages = {543-555}, abstract = {

The "Solar Complex of Plan-les-Ouates" is a traditional multifamily building with some commercial and administrative areas. It was designed to consume a minimum amount of thermal energy by combining several renewable energy systems (1400 m(2) of solar roof, buried pipe and exhausted air heat exchangers) with an optimised envelope and electrical equipment. Initially predicted to consume 160 MJ/m(2) per year of gas, a gas energy use index (per unit heated floor area) of 246 MJ/m(2) per year was measured. The energy analysis of the building, based on a 3-year period of monitoring, brought up the most relevant points that explain this difference: the real conditions of utilisation (such as the interior temperature) and the real performance of the complete technical system are not taken into account in the theoretical value. Both technical and economical aspects of the renewable energy systems were analysed in detail. An important lesson learned from this experiment is that the energy concept of buildings must be simple and consistent and the complexity of the technical installations must be carefully managed from the design-stage to the exploitation. Detailed monitoring of innovative low-energy buildings is recommended to understand the possible discrepancies between theoretical and real heat consumption and to improve the transfer of new energy technologies to large-scale real constructions. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Branco, G. and Lachal, B. and Gallinelli, P. and Weber, W.} } @article {150, title = {Recalibration of the complaint prediction model }, journal = {HVAC\&R Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2004}, pages = {179-200}, author = {Federspiel, CC. and Martin, RA. and Yan, H.} } @article {405, title = {A simple model of domestic lighting demand}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {103-116}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Stokes, M. and Rylatt, M. and Lomas, K.} } @article {310, title = {A stochastic approach to thermal comfort-Occupant behavior and energy use in buildings}, journal = {ASHRAE transactions}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, isbn = {0001-2505}, author = {Nicol, J Fergus and Humphreys, Michael A} } @article {152, title = {Thermal comfort for naturally ventilated houses in Indonesia}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {36}, year = {2004}, pages = {614-626}, keywords = {adaptive behaviour, thermal comfort, tropical climate}, author = {Feriadi, H. and Wong, NH.} } @proceedings {345, title = {Use of domestic heating controls}, year = {2004}, author = {Rathouse, K. and Young, B.} } @proceedings {377, title = {Wireless sensor networks for commercial lighting control: decision making with multi-agent systems}, volume = {10}, year = {2004}, pages = {131-140}, author = {Sandhu, JS. and Agogino, AM. and Agogino, AK.} } @article {370, title = {Analyzing occupancy profiles from a lighting controls field study}, journal = {Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory}, year = {2003}, author = {Rubinstein, F. and Colak, N. and Jennings, J. and Neils, D.} } @article {253, title = {Capturing the daylight dividend in buildings: why and how?}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {381-385}, author = {Leslie, RP.} } @article {388, title = {Data mules: Modeling and analysis of a three-tier architecture for sparse sensor networks}, journal = {Ad Hoc Networks}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {215-233}, isbn = {1570-8705}, author = {Shah, RC. and Roy, S. and Jain, S. and Brunette, W.} } @mastersthesis {340, title = {Design and implementation of wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring}, year = {2003}, school = {Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California}, author = {Polastre, Joseph Robert} } @article {172, title = {Design of low energy office buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, month = {Jun}, pages = {473-491}, abstract = {

There is an increasing demand for higher quality office buildings. Occupants and developers of office buildings ask for a healthy and stimulating working environment. The advent of computers and other office equipment increased the internal heat gains in most offices. Highly glazed facades, often with poor shading, have become very common. This, together with the extra heat gains from the electric lighting made necessary by deep floor plans, and the wider use of false ceilings, increased the risk of overheating. Decisions taken rapidly in the early stages of design can have a large impact on the performance of the finished building. For example, choices of the overall form of the building, the depth and height of rooms, and the size of windows can together double the eventual energy consumption of the finished building. They can also halve the daylight levels, and increase summer temperatures to levels which affect the occupants{\textquoteright} productivity. Later in the design process, radical design changes are rarely made. The paper uses data from practice and meteorological data for Belgium (northern part of Europe) to determine directions which should be used in practice. So, this research represents a help for architects to design energy efficient buildings with a good thermal interior climate. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Gratia, E. and De Herde, A.} } @article {335, title = {Design of passive cooling by night ventilation: evaluation of a parametric model and building simulation with measurements}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {35}, year = {2003}, pages = {1129-1143}, keywords = {Building simulation, design, night ventilation, parametric model, performance criteria}, author = {Pfafferott, J. and Herkel, S. and J{\"a}schke, M.} } @article {101, title = {Green buildings-Reconciling technological change and occupant expectations}, journal = {Buildings, Culture and Environment: Informing Local and Global Practices}, year = {2003}, pages = {57-82}, isbn = {0470759062}, author = {Cole, RJ.} } @article {183, title = {A hierarchical fuzzy{\textendash}genetic multi-agent architecture for intelligent buildings online learning, adaptation and control}, journal = {Information Sciences}, volume = {150}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {33-57}, isbn = {0020-0255}, author = {Hagras, H. and Callaghan, V. and Colley, M. and Clarke, G.} } @proceedings {194, title = {Improving home automation by discovering regularly occurring device usage patterns}, year = {2003}, month = {19-22 Nov. 2003}, pages = {537-540}, keywords = {cooperative systems, Data mining, data mining technique, data stream, displays, home appliances, home automation, home automation system, inhabitant-device interaction, intelligent agent, intelligent sensors, knowledge discovery, neural networks, pattern discovery, prediction algorithm, prediction algorithms, sensor arrays, smart homes}, author = {Heierman, EO. III and Cook, DJ.} } @article {419, title = {Learning occupancy grid maps with forward sensor models}, journal = {Autonomous robots}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {111-127}, isbn = {0929-5593}, author = {Thrun, S.} } @article {288, title = {Long-term patterns of use of occupant controlled office lighting}, journal = {Lighting Research and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {43-57}, isbn = {1477-1535}, author = {Moore, T. and Carter, DJ. and Slater, AI.} } @proceedings {386, title = {Occupancy and behavioral affects on residential energy use}, year = {2003}, pages = {717-722}, publisher = {American solar energy society; American institute of architects }, author = {Seryak, J. and Kissock, K.} } @article {41, title = {Occupants{\textquoteright} behavior and activity patterns influencing the energy consumption in the Kuwaiti residences}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {549-559}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Al-Mumin, A. and Khattab, O. and Sridhar, G.} } @article {289, title = {Weather, clothing and thermal adaptation to indoor climate}, journal = {Climate research}, volume = {24}, year = {2003}, pages = {267-284}, author = {Morgan, C. and de Dear, R.} } @article {308, title = {Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, year = {2002}, pages = {563-572}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Nicol, JF. and Humphreys, MA.} } @article {245, title = {Application issues for large-area electrochromic windows in commercial buildings}, journal = {Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells}, volume = {71}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, month = {Mar 1}, pages = {465-491}, abstract = {Projections of performance from small-area devices to large-area windows and enterprise marketing have created high expectations for electrochromic glazings. As a result, this paper seeks to precipitate an objective dialog between material scientists and building-application scientists to determine whether actual large-area electrochromic devices will result in significant performance benefits and what material improvements are needed, if any, to make electrochromics more practical for commercial building applications. Few in situ tests have been conducted with large-area electrochromic windows applied in buildings. This study presents monitored results from a full-scale field test of large-area electrochromic windows to illustrate how this technology will perform in commercial buildings. The visible transmittance (T,) of the installed electrochromic ranged from 0. 11 to 0.38. The data are limited to the winter period for a south-east-facing window. The effect of actual device performance on lighting energy use, direct sun control, discomfort glare, and interior illumination is discussed. No mechanical system loads were monitored. These data demonstrate the use of electrochromics in a moderate climate and focus on the most restrictive visual task: computer use in offices. Through this small demonstration, we were able to determine that electrochromic windows can indeed provide unmitigated transparent views and a level of dynamic illumination control never before seen in architectural glazing materials. Daily lighting energy use was 6-24\% less compared to the 11 \%-glazing, with improved interior brightness levels. Daily lighting energy use was 3\% less to 13\% more compared to the 38\%-glazing, with improved window brightness control. The electrochromic window may not be able to fulfill both energy-efficiency and visual comfort objectives when low winter direct sun is present, particularly for computer tasks using cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays. However, window and architectural design as well as electrochromic control options are suggested as methods to broaden the applicability of electrochromics for commercial buildings. Without further modification, its applicability is expected to be limited during cold winter periods due to its slow switching speed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {0927-0248}, author = {Lee, ES. and DiBartolomeo, DL.} } @article {442, title = {Continious measurements of air cjange artes in an occupied house for 1 year: The effects of temperature, wind, fans, and windows}, journal = {Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology}, volume = {12}, year = {2002}, pages = {296-306}, author = {Wallace, LA. and Emmerich, SJ. and Howard-Reed, C.} } @article {280, title = {Developing an adaptive control algorithm for Europe}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {34}, year = {2002}, pages = {623-635}, keywords = {adaptive comfort theory, building controls, field studies, standards, thermal comfort}, author = {McCartney, KJ. and Fergus, NJ.} } @article {203, title = {The effect of opening windows on air change rates in two homes}, journal = {Journal of the Air \& Waste Management Association (1995)}, volume = {52}, year = {2002}, pages = {147-59}, abstract = {More than 300 air change rate experiments were completed in two occupied residences: a two-story detached house in Redwood City, CA, and a three-story townhouse in Reston, VA. A continuous monitor was used to measure the decay of SF6 tracer gas over periods of 1-18 hr. Each experiment first included a measurement of the air change rate with all exterior doors and windows closed (State 0), then a measurement with the single change from State 0 conditions of opening one or more windows. The overall average State 0 air change rate was 0.37 air changes per hour (hr(-1)) (SD = 0.10 hr(-1); n = 112) for the California house and 0.41 hr(-1) (SD = 0.19 hr(-1); n = 203) for the Virginia house. Indoor/outdoor temperature differences appeared to be responsible for the variation at the Virginia house of 0.15-0.85 hr(-1) when windows were closed. Opening a single window increased the State 0 air change rate by an amount roughly proportional to the width of the opening, reaching increments as high as 0.80 hr(-1) in the California house and 1.3 hr(-1) in the Virginia house. Multiple window openings increased the air change rate by amounts ranging from 0.10 to 2.8 hr(-1) in the California house and from 0.49 to 1.7 hr(-1) in the Virginia house. Compared with temperature differences and wind effects, opening windows produced the greatest increase in the air change rates measured in both homes. Results of this study indicate the importance of occupant window-opening behavior on a home{\textquoteright}s air change rate and the consequent need to incorporate this factor when estimating human exposure to indoor air pollutants.}, keywords = {algorithms, california, environmental exposure, gases, indoor air pollution, VENTILATION}, author = {Howard-Reed, C. and Wallace, LA. and Ott, WR.} } @article {175, title = {An energy-efficient controller for shading devices self-adapting to the user wishes}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {37}, number = {11}, year = {2002}, month = {Nov}, pages = {1091-1097}, abstract = {

In order to improve the user acceptance of an automatic shading-device controller, user wishes concerning the blind position are learned and integrated in the automatic controller through an innovative adaptation system developed with the use of genetic algorithms (GA). The adaptation process is composed of three distinct modules: a wish pre-processing module that prevents from learning energetically bad user wishes, the GA engine module and a sensitivity filter that ensures no parameters are needlessly changed. The system has been tested with several sets of synthetic wishes and shows a powerful ability to find satisfactory solutions, even with complex combinations of wishes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Guillemin, A. and Molteni, S.} } @article {99, title = {Indoor daylight climate-influence of light shelf and model reflectance on light shelf performance in Madrid for hours with unit sunshine fraction}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, year = {2002}, month = {Jun}, pages = {587-598}, abstract = {

The present paper deals with the influence of light shelf and model reflectance on light shelf performance. The variation with the day of the year of the mean hourly illuminance values measured at 0.50 m. from a south facing side window in 1 : 10 models has been studied for hours with unit sunshine fraction c. The four light shelves used as both shading devices and potential daylighting systems, were made of the following materials: row aluminium painted with three layers of white matte (LS1), white opaque methacrylate (LS2), mirror (LS3) and row aluminium (LS4). Measurements were performed during three years, each year with one of the three following types of models. Models type A: walls and floor painted black matte and ceiling white matte, Models type B: painted for realistic reflectance values, and Models type C: painted white matte. It was observed with type A models that the dependence of illuminance with the day of the year was similar for LS1-LS2 on one hand, and LS3-LS4 on the other hand, with LS2 and LS3 performing better as daylighting systems than LS1 and LS4, respectively. Thus, most of the study has focused on the performance of LS2 and LS3. For type A models relative light shelf efficiency;1, defined as the ratio between illuminance inside the model equipped with the light shelf and a reference model without light shelf, was always higher than 1 for LS2 and LS3. However for type B models, eta for these light shelves was close to 1 or even smaller, and for type C models eta was clearly lower than 1. In general the methacrylate light shelf performed better than the mirror light shelf for the central months of the year, while the mirror light shelf performed better for about the first three months and last three months of the year. The methacrylate light shelf gave the smallest range of interior illuminance values throughout the year. Although for type B models and LS2-LS3, values of eta clearly higher than 1 were not obtained at the measurement point, use of a light shelf, specially in the long over heated season is recommended for Madrid, because of the shading effect not available for the reference model. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Claros, ST. and Soler, A.} } @article {67, title = {LeZi-update: An information-theoretic framework for personal mobility tracking in PCS networks}, journal = {Wirel. Netw.}, volume = {8}, number = {2/3}, year = {2002}, pages = {121-135}, isbn = {1022-0038}, author = {Bhattacharya, A. and Das, SK} } @article {98, title = {Simulation-assisted control in building energy management systems}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {34}, number = {9}, year = {2002}, note = {7th IBPSA International Conference
2001
Rio de janeiro, brazil
Ibpsa}, month = {Oct}, pages = {933-940}, abstract = {

Technological advances in real-time data collection, data transfer and ever-increasing computational power are bringing simulation-assisted control and on-line fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) closer to reality than was imagined when building energy management systems (BEMSs) were introduced in the 1970s. This paper describes the development and testing of a prototype simulation-assisted controller, in which a detailed simulation program is embedded in real-time control decision making. Results from an experiment in a full-scale environmental test facility demonstrate the feasibility of predictive control using a physically-based thermal simulation program. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Clarke, JA. and Cockroft, J. and Conner, S. and Hand, JW. and Kelly, NJ. and Moore, R. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, T. and Strachan, P.} } @article {85, title = {Traditional versus open office design - A longitudinal field study}, journal = {Environment and Behavior}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {May}, pages = {279-299}, abstract = {Research in open office design has shown that it is negatively related to workers{\textquoteright} satisfaction with their physical environment and perceived productivity. A longitudinal study was conducted within a large private organization to investigate the effects of relocating employees from traditional offices to open offices. A measure was constructed that assessed employees{\textquoteright} satisfaction with the physical environment, physical stress, coworker relations, perceived job performance, and the use of open office protocols. The sample consisted of 21 employees who completed the surveys at all three measurement intervals: prior to the move, 4 weeks after the move, and 6 months after the move. Results indicated decreased employee satisfaction with all of the dependent measures following the relocation. Moreover, the employees{\textquoteright} dissatisfaction did not abate, even after an adjustment period. Reasons for these findings are discussed and recommendations are presented.}, isbn = {0013-9165}, author = {Brennan, A. and Chugh, JS. and Kline, T.} } @article {51, title = {Trends in building simulation}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {37}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {891-902}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Augenbroe, G.} } @proceedings {272, title = {Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring}, year = {2002}, pages = {88-97}, publisher = {ACM}, isbn = {1581135890}, author = {Mainwaring, A. and Culler, D. and Polastre, J. and Szewczyk, R. and Anderson, J.} } @article {368, title = {Activity rates and thermal comfort of office occupants in Sydney}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Biology }, volume = {26}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {415-418}, author = {Rowe, DM.} } @article {439, title = {An analysis of the energy and cost savings potential of occupancy sensors for commercial lighting systems}, journal = {Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {111-125}, isbn = {0099-4480}, author = {Von Neida, B. and Manicria, D. and Tweed, A.} } @article {76, title = {Assessing building performance in use 2: technical performance of the Probe buildings}, journal = {Building Research and Information}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {103-113}, abstract = {From 1995-1999, the Probe series of post-occupancy studies reported individually on the performance of 16 buildings. This paper introduces the buildings - seven office, five educational and four other - and reviews aspects of their technical performance in a number of areas: building envelope and window design, heating, hot water and ventilation systems, artificial lighting, controls and operations and ICT (the energy and occupant surveys are reported in papers 3 and 4 of this series). The buildings are above average in performance for the UK - some exceptionally so - but nevertheless certain types of problem were widespread. Many buildings had poor airtightness and problems with controls, which sometimes seriously reduced occupant satisfaction and energy efficiency (which is discussed in more detail in paper 3). Important lessons for designers, owners, tenants and operators of buildings are described, based on feedback from Probe. For both old and new techniques and technologies there are frequently chronic, minor problems; often revealing the need to make components, systems and particularly their means of control more understandable to those using and operating them; to avoid unnecessary complication; for design to be appropriate to the management resources likely to be available to run the buildings; and for all but the simplest and most standardized buildings to have a period of {\textquoteright}sea trials{\textquoteright} following completion in which performance is evaluated, problems fixed, and information collected for the benefit of the organizations concerned and of the whole industry.}, isbn = {0961-3218}, author = {Bordass, B. and Cohen, R. and Standeven, M. and Leaman, A.} } @article {243, title = {Assessing building performance in use 4: the Probe occupant surveys and their implications}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {129-143}, isbn = {0961-3218}, author = {Leaman, A. and Bordass, B.} } @proceedings {389, title = {Basic block distribution analysis to find periodic behavior and simulation points in applications}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {3-14}, keywords = {Analytical models, Application software, architectural metrics, architecture features, Basic Block Distribution Analysis, Computational modeling, Computer science, Computer simulation, cyclic behavior, Delay estimation, digital simulation, Fingerprint recognition, Frequency estimation, parallel architectures, performance evaluation, pipeline processing, pipeline simulation, Pipelines, simulation, time varying behavior, Timing}, isbn = {1089-796X}, author = {Sherwood, T. and Perelman, E. and Calder, B.} } @proceedings {307, title = {Characterising occupant behaviour in buildings: towards a stochastic model of occupant use of windows, lights, blinds, heaters and fans}, volume = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {1073-1078}, author = {Nicol, JF.} } @article {354, title = {A comparison of three uncertainty calculi for building sonar-based occupancy grids}, journal = {Robotics and Autonomous Systems}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {201-209}, isbn = {0921-8890}, author = {Ribo, M. and Pinz, A.} } @article {275, title = {The effects of changing occupancy sensor time-out setting on energy savings, lamp cycling and maintenance costs}, journal = {Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {97-110}, isbn = {0099-4480}, author = {Maniccia, D. and Tweed, A. and Bierman, A. and Von Neida, B.} } @proceedings {418, title = {Learning occupancy grids with forward models}, volume = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {1676-1681}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {0780366123}, author = {Thrun, S.} } @proceedings {105, title = {Making everyday life easier using dense sensor networks}, year = {2001}, pages = {49-55}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {3540426140}, author = {Conner, WS. and Krishnamurthy, L. and Want, R.} } @book {111, title = {Making it obvious: Designing feedback into energy consumption}, series = {Energy Efficiency in Household Appliances and Lighting}, year = {2001}, note = {2nd International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Household Appliances and Lighting
Sep 27-29, 2000
Naples, italy
SAVE II Programme; ANPA; ADEME; ASSIL; ASSOLUCE; CECED; ENEA; ENEL; Federelettrica; Napoletanagas; Saes Getters}, pages = {685-696}, abstract = {The process of giving feedback on consumption motivates consumers to save energy through reduced waste, yet the body of evidence testifying to this is rarely acted upon in any systematic way. The paper reviews the literature on the effectiveness of three types of feedback to domestic consumers: direct feedback in the home, indirect feedback via billing and {\textquoteright}inadvertent{\textquoteright} feedback(a by-product of technical, household or social changes). The lessons learned on the importance of clear, immediate and user-specific information are then applied in a survey of the opportunities for better feedback to consumers in terms of technology, design and location of meters and display panels, energy billing and services such as audits and advice programmes. The paper concludes that feedback has a significant role to play in raising energy awareness and in bringing about reduced consumption of the order of 10\%; and that opportunities exist for designing it into energy-related systems which have yet to be realised.}, isbn = {3-540-41482-7}, author = {Darby, S.}, editor = {Bertoldi, P. and Ricci, A. and DeAlmeida, A.} } @article {394, title = {Multi-criteria assessment of building performance: theory and implementation}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {36}, year = {2001}, pages = {681-690}, keywords = {building, environmental assessment, simulation}, author = {Soebarto, VI. and Williamson, TJ.} } @article {154, title = {Occupant control of passive systems: the use of Venetian blinds}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {149-155}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Foster, M. and Oreszczyn, T.} } @article {437, title = {Post-occupancy evaluation: a multifaceted tool for building improvement.}, journal = {Learning from our buildings: a state-of-the-practice summary of post-occupancy evaluation}, year = {2001}, pages = {23-34}, author = {Vischer, J.} } @article {97, title = {On the prediction of lighting energy savings achieved by occupancy sensors}, journal = {Energy engineering}, volume = {98}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {6-23}, isbn = {0199-8595}, author = {Chung, TM. and Burnett, J.} } @article {343, title = {Quantification of behaviour for engineering design standards and escape time calculations}, journal = {Safety Science}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {157-182}, isbn = {0925-7535}, author = {Purser, DA. and Bensilum, M.} } @article {344, title = {Thermal comfort: use of controls in naturally ventilated buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {33}, year = {2001}, pages = {235-244}, keywords = {Buildings, controls, Energy, indoor temperature, natural ventilation, outdoor climate, thermal comfort}, author = {Raja, IA. and Nicol, JF. and McCartney, KJ. and Humphreys, MA.} } @article {350, title = {Validation of dynamic RADIANCE-based daylight simulations for a test office with external blinds}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {33}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, month = {Sep}, pages = {683-697}, abstract = {

The study encompasses the validation of the dynamic, RADIANCE-based daylight simulation method DAYSIM. which uses the concept of daylight coefficients and the Perez sky model to predict the short-time-step development of indoor illuminances. Measured and simulated illuminances have been compared under 10,097 sky conditions in a full-scale test office with a double glazing and external venetian blinds. The additional planning effort for the designer compared to a conventional daylight simulation is addressed. It has been found that the treatment of direct sunlight strongly influences the accuracy of the daylight coefficient method. Three different simulation modes for the direct sunlight are investigated. The simulation results prove that indoor illuminances can be modeled with comparable accuracy for various blind settings under arbitrary sky conditions. Daylight autonomies are predicted with an accuracy below 2\% points, where simulation errors stem with roughly equal parts from the raytracing and the sky model. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Reinhart, CF. and Walkenhorst, O.} } @article {215, title = {Comparison of control options in private offices in an advanced lighting controls testbed}, journal = {Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {2000}, month = {Sum}, pages = {39-+}, abstract = {In a major test of different lighting control technologies in a typical office building, we present analyses of seven months{\textquoteright} results from five control scenarios in private offices. We compare the energy savings and effectiveness of various combinations of occupant detection, daylight dimming, and switching techniques. Comparing measured energy use with occupant sensors against baseline energy use calculated using wall switch operation only, we found occupant sensors saved 20-26 percent lighting energy compared to manual switching alone. In offices where light sensor controls were: installed and properly commissioned, additional savings up to 27 percent for a total of 46 percent were obtained over a seven-month period, even in an area with unusually high minimum lighting requirements. Dimming the lighting system to desired task levels (task tuning) also resulted in significant (23 percent additional, 43 percent total) energy savings in over lighted areas. On the base case floor, where only bi-level switches were installed, we found significant usage of only one switch resulting in an additional 23 percent savings over single-level switches, an unexpected result with implications for building code requirements. We found the energy savings due to occupant sensing vs. dimming depended on the behavior of occupants. In offices whose occupants tended to stay at their desks all day, dimming controls saved more energy and vice versa. The lighting requirements of occupants appear to depend on their type of work.}, isbn = {0099-4480}, author = {Jennings, JD. and Rubinstein, FM. and DiBartolomeo, D. and Blanc, SL.} } @article {435, title = {Exercised control, lighting choices, and energy use: An office simulation experiment}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology}, volume = {20}, year = {2000}, pages = {219-237}, author = {Veitch, JA. and Newsham, GR.} } @article {192, title = {Green buildings, organizational success and occupant productivity}, journal = {Building Research and Information}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, pages = {353-367}, author = {Heerwagen, J.} } @article {277, title = {Nonintrusive load disaggregation computer program to estimate the energy consumption of major end uses in residential buildings}, journal = {Energy Conversion and Management}, volume = {41}, number = {13}, year = {2000}, pages = {1389-1403}, isbn = {0196-8904}, author = {Marceau, ML. and Zmeureanu, R.} } @article {241, title = {Occupants influence on the energy consumption of Danish domestic buildings - State of the art}, year = {2000}, author = {Larsen, TS. and Knudsen, HN. and Gram-Hanssen, K. and Brohus, H. and Rose, J.} } @article {149, title = {Predicting the frequency and cost of hot and cold complaints in buildings.}, journal = {HVAC\&R Research }, volume = { 6:}, year = {2000}, pages = {289-305.}, author = {Federspiel, CC.} } @article {165, title = {Smart occupancy sensors to reduce energy consumption}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, month = {6//}, pages = {81-87}, keywords = {Energy, Occupancy sensors, Time delay}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Garg, V. and Bansal, NK.} } @article {82, title = {A standard for natural ventilation}, journal = {ASHRAE Journal}, volume = {42}, number = {10}, year = {2000}, month = {Oct}, pages = {21-+}, isbn = {0001-2491}, author = {Brager, GS. and de Dear, R.} } @article {309, title = {Climatic variations in comfortable temperatures: the Pakistan projects}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {30}, year = {1999}, pages = {261-279}, keywords = {adaptive model, field survey, longitudinal survey, temperature standards, thermal comfort, transverse survey}, author = {Nicol, JF. and Raja, IA. and Allaudin, A. and Jamy, GN.} } @article {219, title = {Indoor air quality and health}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = {33}, year = {1999}, pages = {4535-4564}, keywords = {biological particles, combustion pollution, radon, Sick Building Syndrome, volatile organic compounds}, author = {Jones, AP.} } @article {274, title = {Occupant use of manual lighting controls in private offices}, journal = {Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, month = {Sum}, pages = {42-56}, isbn = {0099-4480}, author = {Maniccia, D. and Rutledge, B. and Rea, MS. and Morrow, W.} } @article {242, title = {Productivity in buildings: the {\textquoteleft}killer{\textquoteright} variables}, journal = {Building Research \& Information}, volume = {27}, year = {1999}, pages = {4-19}, keywords = {ciency, comfort, complexity, energy ef, personal control, productivity, usability, workplace}, author = {Leaman, A. and Bordass, B.} } @article {120, title = {Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {104}, year = {1998}, author = {Dear, RD. and Bragger, GS.} } @article {81, title = {Thermal adaptation in the built environment: a literature review}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {27}, year = {1998}, pages = {83-96}, author = {Brager, GS. and de Dear, R.} } @article {246, title = {Thermal and daylighting performance of an automated venetian blind and lighting system in a full-scale private office}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, month = {Dec}, pages = {47-63}, abstract = {

Dynamic envelope/lighting systems have the potential to optimize the perimeter zone energy balance between daylight admission and solar heat gain rejection on a real-time basis, and to increase occupant comfort. Two side-by-side full-scale offices in Oakland, California were built to further develop and test this concept. An automated venetian blind was operated in synchronization with a dimmable electric lighting system to block direct sun, provide the design workplane illuminance, and maximize view. The research program encompassed system design refinements, energy measurements, and human factors tests. In this study, we present lighting energy and cooling load data that were monitored in this facility over the course of a year. Significant energy savings and peak demand reductions were attained with the automated venetian blind/lighting system compared to a static venetian blind with the same dimmable electric lighting system. Correlations between key weather parameters and cooling and lighting were used to illustrate how the dynamic system was able to simultaneously achieve optimization between lighting and cooling end uses under the full range of weather conditions of this sunny, moderate climate. Energy efficiency estimates were conservative since experience shows that conventional daylighting control systems and manually operated shading devices are rarely used effectively in real world applications. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Lee, E. and DiBartolomeo, DL. and Selkowitz, SE.} } @article {58, title = {A behavioural approach to thermal comfort assessment}, journal = {International Journal of Solar Energy}, volume = {19}, year = {1997}, pages = {21-35}, author = {Baker, N. and Standeven, M.} } @article {299, title = {Clothing as a thermal comfort moderator and the effect on energy consumption}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {283-291}, abstract = {

An algorithm describing occupant clothing changes in response to thermal comfort was incorporated into a computer model for predicting the thermal conditions and resulting energy consumption of an office space. This model was used to investigate the effect of different levels of clothing flexibility on thermal comfort and energy consumption. Clothing flexibility was a very effective way of maintaining thermal comfort, and more effective than any fixed clothing ensemble. As clothing flexibility increased, a higher cooling set point and a lower heating set point could be adopted without affecting thermal comfort, but realising significant energy savings. The results illustrate the effect that consideration of occupant behaviour can have on simulation output, suggesting that recommendations for building operation based on the assumption of passive occupants may be sub-optimal. Crown in right of Canada (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science S.A.

}, isbn = {0378-7788}, author = {Newsham, GR.} } @article {211, title = {The effects of human behavior on natural ventilation rate and indoor air environment in summer {\textemdash} a field study in southern Japan}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {25}, year = {1997}, pages = {195-205}, keywords = {behavior, consl, energy consumption for cooling, method, mt concentration tracer gas, occupants, user-influenced ventilation rate}, author = {Iwashita, G. and Akasaka, H.} } @article {202, title = {IISABRE: An integrated building simulation environment}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, month = {May}, pages = {219-224}, abstract = {

An integrated building simulation environment, IISABRE, is introduced. IISABRE consists of CABD, BTP and IISPAM. CABD is an AutoCAD-based building descriptor enabling users to draw a building and define information. Some design tools are built into CABD, and a STEP-based building database can be generated, which provides an open mechanism to share the building database with other programs. BTP is a program for the detailed dynamic simulation of building thermal performance. With a PC 486DX50 (8M RAM) running in MS-Windows 3.11, BTP needs about 40 minutes to calculate the annual hourly energy demand for a building with 20 zones. IISPAM is a knowledge-based system for translating the STEP-based building database into ASCII-based data files for BTP. IISABRE can be widely employed in the field of building environmental engineering in order to improve the energy efficiency of buildings and the thermal comfort of the indoor environment. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

}, isbn = {0360-1323}, author = {Hong, TZ. and Zhang, JQ. and Jiang, Y.} } @article {434, title = {Assessing beliefs about lighting effects on health, performance, mood, and social behavior}, journal = {Environment and Behavior}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, note = {54th Annual Convention of the Canadian-Psychological-Association
May 27-29, 1993
Montreal, canada
Canadian Psychol Assoc}, month = {Jul}, pages = {446-470}, abstract = {Energy conservation through the adoption of new, energy-efficient technologies will succeed only to the extent that the new technologies are not themselves perceived as risk sources. Previous research has found that beliefs about the health effects of fluorescent lighting predict compact fluorescent lamp use in homes. This paper describes the development and validation of a questionnaire to assess beliefs about the effects of common types of interior lighting on human health, work performance, mood, and social behavior. Principal components analysis of the 32-item Lighting Beliefs Questionnaire revealed 6 interpretable components: Lighting Importance, Brightness, Major Health Effects: Fluorescent Lighting, Minor Health Effects: Fluorescent Lighting, Social Setting, and Daylighting. The questionnaire may be used to explore responses to interior lighting and to discover what beliefs are held by end users. This information will assist in allaying unwarranted fears and concerns about new lighting technologies.}, isbn = {0013-9165}, author = {Veitch, JA. and Gifford, R.} } @article {459, title = {A cross-cultural analysis of household energy use behaviour in Japan and Norway}, journal = {Energy Policy}, volume = {24}, year = {1996}, pages = {795-803}, keywords = {energy use behaviour}, author = {Wilhite, H. and Nakagami, H. and Masuda, T. and Yamaga, Y. and Haneda, H.} } @article {73, title = {European indoor air quality audit project in 56 office buildings}, journal = {Indoor Air-International Journal of Indoor Air Quality and ClimateIndoor Air-International Journal of Indoor Air Quality and Climate}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, month = {Dec}, pages = {221-238}, abstract = {A European project started at the end of 1992, in which, in addition to current methods, trained sensory panels were used to investigate office buildings all over Europe. The main aim of this EC-Audit was to develop assessment procedures and guidance on ventilation and source control, to help optimize energy use in buildings while assuring good indoor air quality. In each of nine countries, six or more office buildings were selected. Measurements were performed at five selected locations in each building. The buildings were studied while normally occupied and ventilated to identify the pollution sources in the spaces and to quantify the total pollution load caused by the occupants and their activities, as well as the ventilation systems. The investigation included physical and chemical measurements, assessment of the perceived air quality in the spaces by a trained sensory panel, and measurement of the outdoor air supply to the spaces. A questionnaire for evaluating retrospective and immediate symptoms and perceptions was given to the occupants of the buildings. The building characteristics were described by use of a check-list. The annual energy consumption of the buildings and the weather conditions were registered. This paper presents results and conclusions of the audit in 56 buildings in Europe. However, the analysis and discussions of the results are a summary of the work done, and are focused mainly on comparison between sensory assessments and the other measurements performed. Furthermore, this paper brings the results of the study based on a two-factor analysis. A paper dealing with results on a multifactorial analysis is in preparation. (C) Indoor Air (1996).}, isbn = {0905-6947}, author = {Bluyssen, PM. and Fernandes, ED. and Groes, L. and Clausen, G. and Fanger, PO. and Valbjorn, O. and Bernhard, CA. and Roulet, CA.} } @article {337, title = {Solar radiation transport through slat-type blinds: A new model and its application for thermal simulation of buildings}, journal = {Solar Energy}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, month = {Aug}, pages = {77-91}, abstract = {Although external and internal slat-type blinds (such as venetian blinds) are used frequently to reduce the solar load on windows, there are no detailed calculation models for such shading devices within detailed thermal simulation models (DSMs). A new calculation model (GLSIM-BLIND) has been written to either simulate blind systems accurately at each simulation time-step, or to simulate blinds approximately using simplified daily effective shading factors for each radiation component. In addition, the program calculates annual or monthly effective total solar transmittance values, or effective shading factors, which can be used in thermal calculations or in simple dynamic programs. The model can be used for a wide range of different blind systems and blind control strategies. It is suitable for optimising blind arrangements during the design phase of a building. This article shows the theoretical basis of the new calculation technique and demonstrates its application in thermal building simulations. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.}, isbn = {0038-092X}, author = {Pfrommer, P. and Lomas, KJ. and Kupke, C.} } @article {57, title = {Thermal comfort for free-running buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {23}, year = {1996}, pages = {175-182}, author = {Baker, N. and Standeven, M.} } @article {311, title = {2-to-one discrepancy between measured and predicted performance of a low-energy office building- Insights from a reconsiliation based on the DOE-2 model.}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {121-131}, abstract = {

Computer models of building energy use, if calibrated with measured data, offer a means of assessing retrofit savings, optimizing HVAC operation (on- or off-line), and presenting energy-consumption feedback to building operators. The calibration process itself can pinpoint differences between how a building was designed to perform and how it is actually functioning. Our initial goal was to identify why the actual annual energy consumption of an office building was 325 kWh/m(2), over twice the predicted value of 125 kWh/m(2). Part of our effort to understand its performance involved calibrating a DOE-2 model prepared at the design stage. In the process, we formulated calibration guidelines and developed insights that may be of use to others. Of particular interest are the major sources of the wide discrepancy between predicted and actual energy use, Unanticipated tenant energy consumption, both during the day and the night, contributed 64\% of the two-fold increase. Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment operation beyond the expected 10 h per weekday contributed 24\%. We attributed the remaining 12\% to HVAC equipment not operating up to specification; building conductive heat loss in excess of the design-stage prediction; and minimum outdoor-air intake differing from the design value. The calibration process involved working on major input parameters independently of the others, then combining the results into one simulation. The calibrated model accounted for 94\% of measured site energy for the building.

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